Ebrei americani

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Un ebreo americano è un cittadino statunitense o straniero residente di religione o etnia ebraica. La comunità è rappresentata perlopiù da ebrei aschenaziti immigrati dall'europa centrale e orientale e loro discendenti, ma alcune minoranze rilevanti sono rappresentate da sefarditi e mizrahi.

Percentuale della popolazione ebraica negli Stati Uniti nel 2000.

Da diversi rapporti di censimento demografico è emerso che gli Stati Uniti d'America ospitano dopo Israele la più vasta comunità ebraica al mondo. Nel 2007 ne erano stati censiti approssimativamente 5.128.000 (1,7% della popolazione totale americana)[1][2], numero che però si potrebbe elevare a 6.444.000 secondo altri riferimenti (2,2% del totale)[3]. In contrasto, il centro per le statistiche israeliano stimò a 5.435.800 la popolazione ebraica presente nella propria nazione (il 75.7% del totale).[4]

Tra gli ebrei americani sono stimati in un certo numero anche afroamericani convertiti o di origine africana, escludendo i nordafricani ebrei che sono invece considerati di etnia sefardita od orientale. Si stima siano dai 20.000[5] ai 200.000[6] gli afroamericani di religione ebraica negli Stati Uniti. I più noti ebrei afroamericani includono: Lisa Bonet, Sammy Davis Jr., Yaphet Kotto, Jordan Farmar, Yitzchak Jordan e il rabbino Capers Funnye.

Exquisite-kfind.png Per approfondire, vedi Ebrei ed ebraismo nella diaspora africana, Ebrei etiopi e Ebrei neri israeliti.

Tra i più noti ebrei americani di ogni epoca si citano: Mel Brooks, Norman Mailer, Ben Bernanke, Barbra Streisand, Isaac Asimov, Albert Einstein, Louis Brandeis, Betty Friedan, Sammy Davis Jr., Hank Greenberg, Rahm Emanuel e Steven Spielberg.

Distribuzione sul territorio [modifica]

In accordo con il Glenmary Research Center, nel 2000 la distribuzione sul territorio della comunità ebraica, basata sulla percentuale della popolazione totale, era la seguente:

Contea Popolazione
ebraica		  %
sul totale
1 Contea di Rockland, New York 90 000 31.4%
2 Contea di New York (Manhattan), New York 314 500 20.5%
3 City of Falls Church, Virginia 1 800 17.4%
4 City of Fairfax, Virginia 3 600 16.7%
5 Contea di Nassau, New York 207 000 15.5%
6 Contea di Kings (Brooklyn), New York 379 000 15.4%
7 Contea di Palm Beach, Florida 167 000 14.8%
8 Contea di Broward, Florida 213 000 13.1%
9 Contea di Queens (Queens), New York 238 000 10.7%
10 Contea di Monmouth, New Jersey 65 000 10.6%
11 Contea di Westchester, New York 94 000 10.2%
12 Contea di Sullivan, New York 7,425 10.0%
13 Contea di Essex, New Jersey 76 200 9.6%
14 Contea di Bergen, New Jersey 83 700 9.5%
15 Contea di Montgomery, Maryland 83 800 9.1%
16 Baltimore City, Maryland 56 500 8.7%
17 Fulton County, Georgia 65 900 8.1%
18 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania 59,550 7.9%
19 Middlesex County, Massachusetts 113 700 7.8%
20 Richmond County, New York[7] 33 700 7.6%
21 Marin County, California 18 500 7.5%
22 Camden County, New Jersey 36 000 7.1%
22 Morris County, New Jersey 33 500 7.1%
24 Suffolk County, New York 100 000 7.0%
25 City and County of Denver, Colorado 38 100 6.6%
26 Oakland County, Michigan 77 200 6.5%
27 City and County of San Francisco, California 49 500 6.4%
28 Bronx County, New York 83 700 6.3%
29 Middlesex County, New Jersey 45 000 6.0%
30 Los Angeles County, California 564 700 5.9%
30 Norfolk County, Massachusetts 38 300 5.9%
32 Atlantic County, New Jersey 14 600 5.8%
32 Bucks County, Pennsylvania 34 800 5.8%
32 Union County, New Jersey 30 100 5.8%
35 Cuyahoga County, Ohio 79 000 5.7%
35 Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania 86 600 5.7%
37 Clark County, Nevada 75 000 5.5%
37 Miami-Dade County, Florida 124 000 5.5%
39 Baltimore County, Maryland 38 000 5.0%
39 Pitkin County, Colorado 750 5.0%
39 Plymouth County, Massachusetts 23 600 5.0%
42 St. Louis County, Missouri 47 100 4.6%
43 Boulder County, Colorado 13 200 4.5%
43 Washington, District of Columbia 25 500 4.5%
45 Cook County, Illinois 234 400 4.4%
45 Fairfield County, Connecticut 38 800 4.4%
45 Orange County, New York 15 000 4.4%
48 City of Alexandria, Virginia 5 400 4.2%
49 Albany County, New York 12 000 4.1%
49 Alpine County, California 50 4.1%
49 Sarasota County, Florida 13 500 4.1%
Contea Popolazione
ebraica		  %
sul totale
52 Howard County, Maryland 10 000 4.0%
53 Lake County, Illinois 25 000 3.9%
54 City of Portsmouth, Virginia 3 800 3.8%
55 Somerset County, New Jersey 11 100 3.7%
55 West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana 800 3.7%
57 Rockdale County, Georgia 2 500 3.6%
57 Suffolk County, Massachusetts 24 700 3.6%
59 Bristol County, Rhode Island 1,760 3.5%
59 Custer County, Idaho 150 3.5%
59 Hartford County, Connecticut 30 000 3.5%
59 New Haven County, Connecticut 28 900 3.5%
59 Passaic County, New Jersey 17 000 3.5%
59 San Mateo County, California 24 500 3.5%
59 Schenectady County, New York 5 200 3.5%
66 Ulster County, New York 5 900 3.3%
67 City of Norfolk, Virginia 7 600 3.2%
67 Santa Clara County, California 54 000 3.2%
69 Burlington County, New Jersey 13 000 3.1%
69 Monroe County, New York 22 500 3.1%
71 Essex County, Massachusetts 21 700 3.0%
72 Berkshire County, Massachusetts 3 900 2.9%
72 Delaware County, Pennsylvania 15 700 2.9%
72 Monroe County, Michigan 4 200 2.9%
72 Multnomah County, Oregon 19 300 2.9%
76 Hennepin County, Minnesota 31 600 2.8%
76 Sussex County, New Jersey 4 100 2.8%
78 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania 34 600 2.7%
78 Fayette County, Georgia 2 500 2.7%
78 Hamilton County, Ohio 22 500 2.7%
78 Johnson County, Kansas 12 000 2.7%
82 Mercer County, New Jersey 9 100 2.6%
82 Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts 250 2.6%
82 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin 2 100 2.6%
82 Pinellas County, Florida 24 200 2.6%
82 Prince George's County, Maryland 20 700 2.6%
82 Worcester County, Massachusetts 19 500 2.6%
88 San Diego County, California 70 000 2.5%
88 Milwaukee County, Wisconsin 22 900 2.5%
90 Pima County, Arizona 20 000 2.4%
91 Alameda County, California 32 500 2.3%
91 Chester County, Pennsylvania 10 100 2.3%
91 Contra Costa County, California 22 000 2.3%
91 Cumberland County, Maine 6 000 2.3%
91 Hampden County, Massachusetts 10 600 2.3%
91 Ocean County, New Jersey 11 500 2.3%
91 Santa Cruz County, California 6 000 2.3%
98 Bristol County, Massachusetts 11 600 2.2%
98 Clay County, Georgia 75 2.2%
98 Washtenaw County, Michigan 7 000 2.2%

Note [modifica]

  1. ^ US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract 2009, Table 74. For persons 18 years or older, based on the Religious Landscape Survey, a survey conducted in the summer of 2007. (The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Washington, DC, ‘‘U.S. Religious Landscape Survey’’; released February 2008.)[1]
  2. ^ US Census Bureau, USA Statistics in Brief--Population by Sex and Age, 2007. [2]
  3. ^ US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract 2009, Table 76, Christian Church Adherents, 2000, and Jewish Population, 2007— States. The Jewish population includes Jews who define themselves as Jewish by religion as well as those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural terms. Data on Jewish population are based primarily on a compilation of individual estimates made by local Jewish federations (as reported in the American Jewish Yearbook). [3]
  4. ^ Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2008, Table 2.2.[4]
  5. ^ David Whelan. A Fledgling Grant Maker Nurtures Young Jewish 'Social Entrepreneurs'. The Chronicle of Philanthropy, 8 maggio 2003. URL consultato in data 17 dicembre 2007.
  6. ^ Michael Gelbwasser. Organization for black Jews claims 200 000 in U.S. in j.. 10 aprile 1998. URL consultato in data 21 luglio 2007.
  7. ^ Staten Island

Bibliografia [modifica]

  • American Jewish Committee. American Jewish Yearbook: The Annual Record of Jewish Civilization (annual, 1899-2009+),complete text online 1899-2007; long sophisticated essays on status of Jews in U.S. and worldwide; the standard primary source used by historians
  • Norwood, Stephen H., and Eunice G. Pollack, eds. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history (2 vol 2007), 775pp; comprehenisive coverage by experts; excerpt and text search vol 1
  • The Jewish People in America 5 vol 1992
  • Antler, Joyce., ed. Talking Back: Images of Jewish Women in American Popular Culture. 1998.
  • Cohen, Naomi. Jews in Christian America: The Pursuit of Religious Equality. 1992.
  • Cutler, Irving. The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. 1995
  • Diner, Hasia. The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 (2004) online
  • Dinnerstein, Leonard. Antisemitism in America. 1994.
  • Dollinger, Marc. Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. 2000.
  • Eisen, Arnold M. The Chosen People in America: A Study in Jewish Religious Ideology. 1983.
  • Glazer, Nathan. American Judaism. 2nd ed., 1989.
  • Goren, Arthur. The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews. 1999.
  • Gurock, Jeffrey S. From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America. Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, 1998.
  • Hyman, Paula, and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 1997
  • Lederhendler, Eli. New York Jews and the Decline of Urban Ethnicity, 1950–1970. 2001
  • Moore, Deborah Dash. To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L. A. 1994
  • Moore, Deborah Dash. GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (2006)
  • Norwood, Stephen H., and Eunice G. Pollack, eds. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history (2 vol 2007), 775pp; comprehenisive coverage by experts; excerpt and text search vol 1
  • Novick, Peter. The Holocaust in American Life. 1999.
  • Raphael, Marc Lee. Judaism in America. Columbia U. Press, 2003. 234 pp.
  • Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-300-10197-X 512pp
  • Sorin, Gerald. Tradition Transformed: The Jewish Experience in America. 1997.
  • Staub, Michael E. ed. The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. ISBN 1-58465-417-1 online review
  • Svonkin, Stuart. Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties. 1997
  • Waxman, Chaim I. "What We Don't Know about the Judaism of America's Jews." Contemporary Jewry (2002) 23: 72-95. Issn: 0147-1694 Uses survey data to map the religious beliefs of American Jews, 1973-2002.
  • Wertheimer, Jack, ed. The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed. 1987.
  • Whitfield, Stephen J. In Search of American Jewish Culture. 1999
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