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Repubblica Filippina
Repubblica Filippina – Bandiera
Repubblica Filippina - Stemma
Repubblica Filippina - Localizzazione
Repubblica Filippina - Localizzazione
Dati amministrativi
Nome completoRepubblica Filippina
Nome ufficiale(TL) Republika ng Pilipinas
(ES) República Filipina
Lingue parlatespagnolo, filippino
InnoLupang Hinirang
CapitaleMalolos (23 gennaio 1899 – 29 marzo 1899)
Altre capitaliAltre capitali temporanee(29 marzo 1899 – 23 marzo 1901)
Politica
Forma di governorepubblica parlamentare e costituzionale
Capo di StatoPresidente delle Filippine
Organi deliberativiLa Asamblea Nacional
Nascita23 gennaio 1899[1]
CausaIndipendenza dalla Spagna
Fine23 marzo 1901
CausaGuerra filippino-americana
Territorio e popolazione
Bacino geograficoSud-est asiatico
Territorio originaleFilippine
Massima estensione298.182 km² nel 1898
Popolazione7.832.719 nel 1898
Economia
ValutaPeso filippino
Evoluzione storica
Preceduto daBandiera della Spagna Spagna
Succeduto daBandiera degli Stati Uniti Stati Uniti
Elemento Wikidata assente · Manuale

La Repubblica Filippina (in spagnolo República Filipina, in filippino Republika ng Pilipinas), comunemente nota come Prima Repubblica Filippina o Repubblica di Malolos , fu uno Stato creatosi in seguito alla rivoluzione filippina. Nacque ufficialmente dopo la proclamazione della Costituzione di Malolos il 23 gennaio 1899 nell'omonima città e cessò di esistere per via della cattura del generale Emilio Aguinaldo da parte delle forze americane il 23 marzo 1901 a Palanan. Fu la prima Repubblica Costituzionale d'Asia.[2] La Costituzione di Malolos fu chiamata anche "Constitución política" e scritta in spagnolo, dopo la dichiarazione di indipendenza dalla Spagna,[3] avvenuta il 20 gennaio 1899. Tale statuto fu promulgato e ratificato dal Congresso di Malolos.[4][5]

La proclamazione della Repubblica Filippina rappresentò il culmine della rivoluzione filippina contro il dominio spagnolo. Il 12 giugno 1898, presso la casa ancestrale di Aguinaldo a Cavite, fu dichiarata l'indipendenza filippina dalla Spagna. L'atto di dichiarazione fu preparato e scritto in lingua spagnola da Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, il quale fu inoltre colui che lesse la proclamazione.[6] Il Congresso di Malolos fu convocato il 15 settembre e produsse l'omonima Costituzione.[7] Tale costituzione fu proclamata il 22 gennaio 1899, trasformando il governo dell'epoca in quella che oggi viene chiamata Prima Repubblica Filippina, con Aguinaldo come suo presidente.[8] Poco più di un mese prima, l'8 dicembre 1898, fu siglato il Trattato di Parigi, un accordo che pose fine alla guerra ispano-americana. Secondo l'articolo 3 di tale accordo, le Filippine passarono dalla Spagna agli Stati Uniti.[9]

Successivamente scoppiò la guerra filippino-americana. Dopo diverse battaglie, nel corso delle quali rimasero uccisi alcuni dei suoi uomini più fidati, Aguinaldo fu catturato dalle forze statunitensi il 23 marzo 1901 e prestò un giuramento in cui accettava l'autorità degli Stati Uniti nei confronti delle Filippine, alleandosi di fatto con i nuovi colonizzatori. Il 19 aprile del medesimo anno rilasciò l'Atto di resa filippina, chiedendo ai suoi ultimi sostenitori di abbassare le armi ed arrendersi spontaneamente. Ciò sancì ufficialmente la fine della Prima Repubblica Filippina.[10] In seguito, gli Stati Uniti continuarono l'annessione delle isole come da stipulato nel Trattato di Parigi.[9][11] Le Filippine rimasero sotto la sovranità degli Stati Uniti sino al 1946, quando furono dichiarate ufficialmente indipendenti dal Trattato di Manila.[12]

Nonostante in precedenza ci fossero state già diverse Repubbliche nel continente asiatico, come la Repubblica di Taiwan e la Repubblica di Ezo, la Repubblica di Malolos fu la prima a scrivere una costituzione approvata da una democrazia rappresentativa.[13]

History[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Temporary triumphal arch commemorating election of Aguinaldo, 1899

Template:History of the Philippines The First Philippine Republic was formed after the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the events of the collapse of the Spanish rule over the Philippines. It adopted the Constitución Política de la República Filipina, drawn up by the Philippine Constitutional Convention in the Barasoain Church in Malolos in 1899 to replace the revolutionary government proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo on June 23, 1898.[14] That revolutionary government had replaced the dictatorial government which Aguinaldo had proclaimed on May 24,[15] and had formally established by decree on June 18.[16]

The constitution was approved by delegates to the Assembly of Representatives on January 20, 1899, and sanctioned by Aguinaldo the next day.[8] The convention had earlier elected Aguinaldo president on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23. Parts of the constitution gave Aguinaldo the power to rule by decree are of particular interest.Template:Refn

Organization of local government[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

The postage stamps of the Revolutionary Government.

Municipal and provincial governments under the Republic had quickly reorganized upon Aguinaldo's decrees of June 18 and 20, 1898.[17] The Malolos Constitution had cited on Article 82 the organization of provincial and popular assemblies which had the power of taxation.

National budget and the Congress loan[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

One of the important laws passed by the Malolos Congress was the law providing for a national loan to buoy the national budget in which the Republic was trying to balance. The loan, worth 20 million pesos, was to be paid in 40 years with an annual interest of six percent. The law was decreed by Aguinaldo on November 30, 1898.[17]Template:ClarifyTemplate:Page needed

State of the Republican Army[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

When Philippine independence was declared on June 12, 1898 the Philippine Revolutionary Army was renamed the Philippine Republican Army. Aguinaldo then appointed Antonio Luna as Director or Assistant Secretary of War by September 28, 1898 and the Philippines first military school, the Academia Militar was established in Malolos.

When the Republic was inaugurated on January 23, Luna had succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Commanding General of the Republican Army. With such powers at hand, Luna attempted to transform the weak, undisciplined revolutionary army into a disciplined regular army for the service of the Republic.[18]

Philippine–American War[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

The map of Asia shows the Western power possessions and changes of political situations on Asia in the end of 19th century and early 20th century AD.
Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Philippine–American War.

On February 4, 1899, armed conflict erupted in Manila between Philippine Republic forces and American forces occupying the city subsequent to the conclusion of the Spanish–American War.[19] That day President Aguinaldo issued a proclamation ordering and commanding that "peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war."[20] The fighting quickly escalated into the Second Battle of Manila, with Philippine Republic forces being driven out of the city.[21] On March 31, American forces captured Malolos, the initial seat of the Philippine Republic government, which had been gutted by fires set by withdrawing Philippine Republic forces.[22] Emilio Aguinaldo and the core of the revolutionary government had by then moved to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.[23] Peace negotiations with the American Schurman Commission during a brief ceasefire in April–May 1899 failed,[23] and San Isidro fell to American forces on May 16.[24] The Philippine Republic core government had moved by then to Bamban, Tarlac, and subsequently moved to Tarlac town.[25] Aguinaldo's party had already left Tarlac, the last capital of the Philippine Republic, by the time American troops occupied it on November 13.[26]

On November 13, in a conference in Bayambang, Pangasinan, Aguinaldo decided to disperse his army and begin guerrilla war. From that point on, distance and the localistic nature of the fighting prevented him from exercising a strong influence on revolutionary or military operations.[26] Recognizing that American troops blocked his escape east, he turned north and west on 15 November, crossing the mountains into La Union province.[27] Aguinaldo's party eluded pursuing American forces, passing through Tirad Pass near Sagada, Mountain Province where the Battle of Tirad Pass was fought on December 2 as a rear guard action to delay the American advance and ensure his escape. At the time of the battle, Aguinaldo and his party were encamped in Cervantes, about 10 km south of the pass. After being notified by a rider of the outcome of the battle and the death of del Pilar, Aguinaldo ordered that camp be broken, and departed with his party for Cayan settlement.[28] Aguinaldo was captured by American forces on March 23, 1901 in Palanan, Isabela. Following his capture, Aguinaldo announced allegiance to the United States on April 1, 1901, formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.

Cabinet[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

The cabinet only met in a few times in 1899 with the following men appointed to respective positions.

OFFICE NAME TERM
President Emilio Aguinaldo 1899–1901
Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini January 21 - May 7, 1899
Pedro Paterno May 7 - November 13, 1899
Minister of Finance Mariano Trías January 21 - May 7, 1899
Hugo Ilagan May 7 - November 13, 1899
Minister of the Interior Teodoro Sandico January 21 - May 7, 1899
Severino de las Alas May 7 - November 13, 1899
Minister of War Baldomero Villarin January 21 - May 7, 1899
Mariano Trías May 7 - November 13, 1899
Minister of Welfare Gracio Gonzaga January 21 - May 7, 1899
Minister of Foreign Affairs Apolinario Mabini January 21 - May 7, 1899
Felipe Buencamino May 7 - November 13, 1899
Minister of Public Instruction Aguedo Velarde 1899
Minister of Public Works and Communications Maximo Paterno 1899
Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Leon Maria Guerrero May 7 - November 13, 1899

Gallery[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

  • Emilio Aguinaldo in the field
    Emilio Aguinaldo in the field
  • The Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic in Malolos, January 23, 1899
    The Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic in Malolos, January 23, 1899
  • Filipino soldiers in Malolos, 1899
    Filipino soldiers in Malolos, 1899
  • the One Peso of the Revolutionary Government.
    the One Peso of the Revolutionary Government.
  • Sideco house served as General Frederick Funston's headquarters, and then, as Emilio Aguinaldo's capitol from the fall of Malolos on March 31, 1899 until May 17, 1899, when San Isidro was taken by the Americans.
    Sideco house served as General Frederick Funston's headquarters, and then, as Emilio Aguinaldo's capitol from the fall of Malolos on March 31, 1899 until May 17, 1899, when San Isidro was taken by the Americans.

Seats of government[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

When it was constituted on January 22, 1899 in Malolos, that municipality became the seat of government of the Philippine Republic, and was serving as such when hostilities erupted between U.S. and Filipino forces in the Second Battle of Manila on February 4.[29] American forces pushing north from Manila after the outbreak of fighting captured Caloocan on February 10.[30] On March 29, as American forces threatened Malolos, the seat of government moved to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.[31]

American forces captured Calumpit, Bulacan on April 27 and, moving north, captured Apalit, Pampanga with little opposition on May 4 and San Fernando, Pampanga on May 5. This forced the seat of government to be shifted according to the demands of the military situation.[32][Note 1]

In October 1899 American forces were in San Fernando, Pampanga and the Philippine Republic was headquartered not far north of there, in Angeles. On October 12, an American offensive to the north forced the Philippine Republic to relocate its headquarters in November to Tarlac, and then to Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.[33] On November 13, under pressure by American forces, Aguinaldo and a party departed Bayombong by rail for Calasiao, Pangasinan, from where they immediately proceeded eastwards to Sta. Barbara in order to evade pursuing American forces. In Sta. Barbara, they joined a force of some 1200 armed men let by General Gregorio del Pilar.[34]

Aguinaldo's party, traveling with del Pilar's force, reached Manaoag, Pangasinan on November 15. There, the force was split into vanguard and rear guard elements, with Aguinaldo and del Pilar in the vanguard.[35] The vanguard force overnighted in Tubao, La Union, departed there on November 16, and was in Naguilian, La Union by November 19, where word was received that American forces had taken Santo Tomas and had proceeded to Aringay. Aguinaldo's force arrived in Balaoan, La Union on November 19, pushed on the next day, and arrived at the Tirad Pass, a natural choke point, on November 23. General del Pilar decided to place a blocking force in Tirad Pass to delay pursuing American forces while Aguinaldo's party moved on.[36]

The Battle of Tirad Pass took place on December 2, 1899. 52 men of del Pilar's 60 man force were killed, including del Pilar himself. However, the Filipinos under del Pilar held off the Americans long enough for Aguinaldo's party to escape. Aguinaldo, encamped with his party about 10 km south of the pass in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, was appraised of the result of the battle by a rider, and moved on and reached Banane settlement on December 7, where he paused to consider plans for the future. On December 16 Aguinaldo's party departed for Abra to join forces with General Manuel Tinio.[37] The party traveled on foot through a pass at the summit of Mount Polis, and arrived at Ambayuan the next morning. The party pushed on to Banane, pursued closely by American forces. At this point, Aguinaldo's party consisted of one field officer, 11 line officers, and 107 men. The remainder of December 1899 was spent in continuous trek.[38]

The party was at the border of Abra and Cagayan provinces on Aguanalldo's 31st birthday on March 23, 1900. The trek from place to place continued until about May 22, 1900, when Aguinaldo established a new headquarters in Tierra Virgen.[39] On August 27, 1900, after American forces landed at Aparri, Cagayan, Aguinaldo concluded that Tierra Virgan had become untenable as a headquarters and decided to march to Palanan, Isabela.[39] On December 6, 1899, the party reached Dumasari, and arrived in Palanan the following morning.[40] Aguinaldo remained in Palanan until his capture there by American forces on March 25, 1901.[40]

Malolos, the Official Capital of the First Philippine Republic[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

The Malolos Cathedral Basilica. The Palacio Presidencia and Office of the President Emilio Aguinaldo from September 1898 - March 1899.

In September 1898 General Emilio Aguinaldo made the Paroquia dela Inmaculada Concepcion an Augustinian erect town church of Malolos (now Cathedral Basilica) as the executive palace while the nearby Barasoain Church served as the legislative house where the Malolos Constitution was made. When the Americans captured Malolos Aguinaldo ordered General Antonio Luna to burn the Malolos Church including its huge silver altar.

Sideco house (Emilio Aguinaldo's Office at Nueva Ecija)[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

The house had been the seat of General Emilio Aguinaldo's First Philippine Republic when he established it as his headquarters in San Isidro during the last part of his odyssey from the American forces.

On the 29th of March 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija and the town made as temporary capital of the First Philippine Republic. He stayed in this house which served as his executive office. When the Americans occupied San Isidro, the Sideco house served as the headquarters of Col. Frederick Funston who would later capture General Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela. General Aguinaldo's capture is said to have been planned in this house. It is now occupied by a Christian organization.[41]

Notes[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

  1. ^ La Costituzione di Malolos fu approvata dal Congresso di Malolos il 20 gennaio 1899, sanzionata da Aguinaldo il 21 gennaio, e promulgata il 22 gennaio (vedi 27 e 27a). La Repubblica Filippina fu infine proclamata il 23 gennaio (vedi 28, 28a e 28b).
  2. ^ The Laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan Library, 2005, 104–119. URL consultato il 26 marzo 2008.. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
  3. ^ Guevara,  p. 88.
  4. ^ Guevara,  p. 104.
  5. ^ Tucker,  pp. 364–365
  6. ^ Kalaw,  pp. 413–417 Appendix A
  7. ^ Guevara,  pp. 104–119.
  8. ^ a b Guevara,  p. 104.
  9. ^ a b Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale.
  10. ^ Aguinaldo's Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, Filipino.biz.ph - Philippine Culture, April 19, 1901. URL consultato il December 5, 2009..
  11. ^ Carman Fitz Randolph, The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009.
  12. ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 (PDF), United Nations. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2007.
  13. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO, 2009, 364, ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  14. ^ Kalaw,  pp. 423–427.
  15. ^ Titherington,  pp. 357–358.
  16. ^ Guevara,  pp. 10–12.
  17. ^ a b Teodoro Agoncillo, Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, 1960.
  18. ^ Vicencio Jose, The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna, Solar Pub. Corporation, 1972.
  19. ^ Linn,  p. 46
  20. ^ Halstead,  p. 318.
  21. ^ Linn,  pp. 46–49
  22. ^ Linn,  p. 99
  23. ^ a b Linn,  p. 109
  24. ^ Linn,  p. 116.
  25. ^ Linn,  pp. 115–116
  26. ^ a b Linn,  p. 16.
  27. ^ Linn,  p. 148.
  28. ^ Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, University of the Philippines Press, 1997, p. 454, ISBN 978-971-542-096-9.
  29. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 373
  30. ^ Agoncillo,  pp. 379–381
  31. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 388
  32. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 392
  33. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 446
  34. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 447
  35. ^ Agoncillo,  pp. 447–448
  36. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 449
  37. ^ Agoncillo,  p. 455
  38. ^ Agoncillo,  pp. 456–458
  39. ^ a b Agoncillo,  p. 460
  40. ^ a b Agoncillo,  pp. 485–486
  41. ^ Capture of Aguinaldo, March 23, 1901, Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 by Arnaldo Dumindin

References[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Template:Filippine
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