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== Varietà ==
== Varietà ==
{{T|inglese|mineralogia|ottobre 2015}}
La presenza di ioni estranei impartisce differenti colorazioni, dando luogo a diverse varietà, molte delle quali sono pregiate in gioielleria:
La presenza di ioni estranei impartisce differenti colorazioni, dando luogo a diverse varietà, molte delle quali sono pregiate in gioielleria:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Riga 92: Riga 93:
|[[berillo rosso]]||rosso||ossido di manganese
|[[berillo rosso]]||rosso||ossido di manganese
|}
|}

===Acquamarina e maxixe===
[[File:Aigue-marine Pakistan 180308.jpg|thumb|Acquamarina]]
[[File:Aquamarin-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|Acquamarina intagliata da 13.24 ct, dal Brasile]]
Acquamarina ({{la}} aqua marina) è una variante blu o [[ciano]] di berillio. La si trova nella maggior parte dei siti offerenti berillio. Il sito dello [[Sri Lanka]] contiene Acquamarina. Il berillio giallo chiaro del Brasile viene spesso chiamato ''aquamarine chrysolite''. La variante blu intenso è chiamata ''maxixe''. Maxixe la si trova nel [[Madagascar]]. Il colore tende al bianco quando la pietra è esposta alla luce del sole o al calore, e ritorna al colore originale con irradiazione.

Il colore blu è da attribuire al Fe<sup>2+</sup>. Fe<sup>3+</sup> ionico produce il colore giallo oro, e quando entrambi gli ioni Fe<sup>2+</sup> e Fe<sup>3+</sup> sono presenti, il colore è blu intenso come nella maxixe. La decolorazione della pietra maxixe attraverso al luce o calore avviene con il passaggio di carica tra Fe<sup>3+</sup> e Fe<sup>2+</sup>.<ref name=color>{{cite web|url=http://minerals.caltech.edu/FILES/Visible/BERYL/Index.htm| title = Color in the Beryl group| accessdate = 2009-06-06}}</ref><ref name=ibragim>{{cite journal| doi =10.1134/S0020168509020101| title =Correlations between admixtures and color centers created upon irradiation of natural beryl crystals| year =2009| author =Ibragimova, E. M.| journal =Inorganic Materials| volume =45| page =162| last2 =Mukhamedshina| first2 =N. M.| last3 =Islamov| first3 =A. Kh.| issue =2}}</ref><ref name=viana1>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s002690100210|title=Characterization of beryl (aquamarine variety) by Mössbauer spectroscopy|year=2002|author=Viana, R. R.|journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals|volume=29|page=78|last2=Da Costa|first2=G. M.|last3=De Grave|first3=E.|last4=Stern|first4=W. B.|last5=Jordt-Evangelista|first5=H.|bibcode = 2002PCM....29...78V }}</ref><ref name=blak>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00309581|title=Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in blue and green natural beryl: A reply|year=1983|author=Blak, Ana Regina|journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals|volume=9|page=279|last2=Isotani|first2=Sadao|last3=Watanabe|first3=Shigueo|issue=6|bibcode = 1983PCM.....9..279B }}</ref> Il colore blu intenso maxixe può essere ottenuto dal berillio verde, rosa o giallo irradiando la gemma con particelle ad alta energia come [[raggi gamma]], [[neutroni]] o [[raggi X]].<ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM61/AM61_100.pdf| author = K. Nassau| journal=[[American Mineralogist]]| volume =61|title=The deep blue Maxixe-type color center in beryl|year =1976|page =100}}</ref>
Negli USA la gemma può essere trovata sulla sommità del [[Mount Antero]] nel [[Sawatch Range]], Colorado. In [[Wyoming]] è presente nelle [[Big Horn Mountains]], vicino il [[Powder River Pass]]. Altra località è [[Sawtooth Range (Idaho)]] vicino [[Stanley (Idaho)]]. In Brasile vi sono giacimenti nel [[Minas Gerais]], [[Espírito Santo]] e [[Bahia]], e minori in [[Rio Grande do Norte]]. Le miniere della Colombia, Zambia, Madagascar, [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]] e [[Kenya]] producono anche Acquamarina.

La gemma più grande mai trovata fu rinvenuta in Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brasile, nel 1910. Pesava oltre {{convert|110|kg|abbr=on}}, e con dimensioni di {{convert|48.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} in lunghezza e {{convert|42|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diametro.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schumann, Walter |title=Gemstones of the World |year=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. |page=110 |isbn=978-1-4027-6829-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9PqVxpxeiEC}}</ref> Il taglio più grande di Acquamarina è il [[Dom Pedro aquamarine]], presso la [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[National Museum of Natural History]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Vastag|first=Brian|title=The Dom Pedro aquamarine’s long and winding path to the Smithsonian|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-12-02/national/35584555_1_gem-aquamarine-hope-diamond|accessdate=7 December 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2012}}</ref>
<!--
===Emerald===
{{Main|Smeraldo}}
[[File:Smaragd-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|Faceted emerald, 1.07ct, Colombia]]
[[File:Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) 15.jpg|thumb|Rough emerald on matrix]]
Emerald is green beryl, colored by trace amounts of [[chromium]] and sometimes [[vanadium]].<ref name=color/><ref name=Hurlbut>{{cite book|author=Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr |author2=Kammerling, Robert C. |last-author-amp=yes |year=1991|title=Gemology|page=203|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|place=New York|isbn=0-471-42224-X}}</ref> The modern English word "emerald" comes via [[Middle English]] ''Emeraude'', imported from [[Old French]] ''Ésmeraude'' and [[Medieval Latin]] ''Esmaraldus'', from [[Latin]] ''smaragdus'', from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] σμάραγδος (“smaragdos”, meaning ‘green gem’). Its original source could have been either a [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] loan-word אזמרגד (“izmargad”) or the [[Sanskrit]] word मरकत (“marakata”), both meaning ‘green’.<ref name=Fernie>{{cite book | last = Fernie M.D. |first = W.T.|title = Precious Stones for Curative Wear|publisher = John Wright. & Co.|year = 1906}}</ref> Most emeralds are highly [[inclusion (mineral)|included]], so their brittleness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor.

Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and in [[Austria]], as well as [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]] in northern [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1126/science.287.5453.631| title=Oxygen Isotopes and Emerald Trade Routes Since Antiquity| year=2000| author=Giuliani, G.| journal=Science| volume=287| pages=631–3| pmid=10649992| last2=Chaussidon| first2=M| last3=Schubnel| first3=HJ| last4=Piat| first4=DH| last5=Rollion-Bard| first5=C| last6=France-Lanord| first6=C| last7=Giard| first7=D| last8=De Narvaez| first8=D| last9=Rondeau| first9=B| issue=5453|bibcode = 2000Sci...287..631G }}</ref> A rare type of emerald known as a trapiche emerald is occasionally found in the mines of [[Colombia]]. A trapiche emerald exhibits a "star" pattern; it has raylike spokes of dark carbon impurities that give the emerald a six-pointed radial pattern. It is named for the ''trapiche'', a grinding wheel used to process [[sugarcane]] in the region. Colombian emeralds are generally the most prized due to their transparency and fire. Some of the rarest emeralds come from three main emerald mining areas in Colombia: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor. Fine emeralds are also found in other countries, such as [[Zambia]], [[Brazil]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Madagascar]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Russia]]. In the US, emeralds can be found in [[Hiddenite, North Carolina]]. In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the [[Yukon]].

Emerald is a rare and valuable gemstone and, as such, it has provided the [[incentive]] for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal<ref>{{cite journal| doi =10.1016/0960-8974(91)90008-Z| title =Hydrothermal growth of gem stones and their characterization| year =1991| author =Hosaka, M| journal =Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials| volume =21| page =71}}</ref> and ''flux-growth'' synthetics have been produced. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of Carroll Chatham.<ref>[http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carroll_Chatham Gemology Project]</ref> The other large producer of flux emeralds was Pierre Gilson Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds which become coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of 1&nbsp;mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run producing emerald crystals of 7&nbsp;mm of thickness.<ref>Nassau, K., 1980, ''Gems Made By Man,'' Gemological Institute of America, ISBN 0-87311-016-1</ref> The green color of emeralds is widely attributed to presence of Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions.<ref name=ibragim/><ref name=viana1/><ref name=blak/> Intensely green beryls from Brazil, Zimbabwe and elsewhere in which the color is attributed to [[vanadium]] have also been sold and certified as emeralds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Arthur |year=2008 |title=Gemstones: Properties, Identification and Use |location=London |publisher=New Holland |pages=77–78 |isbn=978-1-84537-602-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Behmenburg |first1=Christa |last2=Conklin |first2=Lawrence |last3=Giuliani |first3=Gaston |last4=Glas |first4=Maximilian |last5=Gray |first5=Patricia & Michael |editor1-last=Giuliani |editor1-first=Gaston |editor2-last=Jarnot |editor2-first=Miranda |editor3-last=Neumeier |editor3-first=Gunther |editor4-last=Ottaway |editor4-first=Terri |editor5-last=Sinkankas |editor5-first=John |display-editors=1 |date=January 2002 |title=Emeralds of the World |series=extraLapis |volume=2 |location=East Hampton, Connecticut |publisher=Lapis International |pages=75–77 |isbn=0971537119|display-authors=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deer |first1=W.A. |last2=Zussman |first2=J |last3=Howie |first3=R.A. |year=1997 |title=Disilicates and Ring Silicates |series=Rock-forming Minerals |volume=1B | edition=2 |location=Bath |publisher=Geological Society of London |pages=393–394 |isbn=1897799896|display-authors=1 }}</ref>

===Golden beryl and heliodor===
[[File:Heliodor-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|Faceted Heliodor, 48.75 ct, Brazil]]
[[File:Beryl golden beryl rough XH.jpg|thumb|Golden beryl]]
[[File:Beryl heliodor polished XH.jpg|thumb|Heliodor]]
''Golden beryl'' can range in colors from pale yellow to a brilliant gold. Unlike [[emerald]], golden beryl generally has very few flaws. The term "golden beryl" is sometimes synonymous with ''heliodor'' (from Greek ''hēlios – ἥλιος'' "sun" + ''dōron – δῶρον'' "gift") but golden beryl refers to pure yellow or golden yellow shades, while heliodor refers to the greenish-yellow shades. The golden yellow color is attributed to Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions.<ref name=color/><ref name=ibragim/> Both golden beryl and heliodor are used as gems. Probably the largest cut golden beryl is the flawless 2054-[[Carat (unit)|carat]] stone on display in the [[National Museum of Natural History#Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals|Hall of Gems]], [[Washington, D.C.]], United States.<ref>{{cite book| page=77|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MPZK8ILOSR0C&pg=PA77| title = Gemstones| author = Arthur Thomas| publisher = New Holland Publishers| isbn = 1-84537-602-1| year=2007}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Goshenite===
[[File:Goshenit-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|Faceted goshenite, 1.88 ct, Brazil]]
[[File:Zrost beryli, Namibia3.jpg|thumb|Goshenite]]
Colorless beryl is called ''goshenite''. The name originates from [[Goshen, Massachusetts]], where it was originally discovered. Since all these color varieties are caused by impurities and pure beryl is colorless, it might be tempting to assume that goshenite is the purest variety of beryl. However, there are several elements that can act as inhibitors to color in beryl and so this assumption may not always be true. The name goshenite has been said to be on its way to extinction and yet it is still commonly used in the gemstone markets. Goshenite is found to some extent in almost all beryl localities. In the past, goshenite was used for manufacturing eyeglasses and lenses owing to its transparency. Nowadays, it is most commonly used for gemstone purposes and also considered as a source of beryllium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galleries.com/minerals/gemstone/goshenit/goshenit.htm| title = Goshenite, the colorless variety of beryl| accessdate = 2009-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opticalmineralogy.com/the-silicates-mineral-class/goshenite-gem/| title = Goshenite gem| accessdate = 2009-06-06}}</ref>

The gem value of goshenite is relatively low. However, goshenite can be colored yellow, green, pink, blue and in intermediate colors by irradiating it with high-energy particles. The resulting color depends on the content of Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, and Co impurities.<ref name=ibragim/>

===Morganite===
[[File:Morganit-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|Faceted morganite, 2.01ct, Brazil]]
[[File:Morganite (Brésil).jpg|thumb|Morganite]]
Morganite, also known as "pink beryl", "rose beryl", "pink emerald", and "cesian (or ''caesian'') beryl", is a rare light pink to rose-colored [[Gemstone|gem]]-quality variety of beryl. Orange/yellow varieties of morganite can also be found, and color banding is common. It can be routinely heat treated to remove patches of yellow and is occasionally treated by irradiation to improve its color. The pink color of morganite is attributed to Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions.<ref name=color/>
Pink beryl of fine color and good sizes was first discovered on an island on the coast of Madagascar in 1910.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0DE4DD1339E433A25755C0A9649D946196D6CF | work=The New York Times | title=GEM NAMED FOR MORGAN.; Newly Discovered Pink Beryl Is to be Known as Morganite | date=1910-12-06}}</ref> It was also known, with other gemstone minerals, such as [[tourmaline]] and [[kunzite]], at [[Pala, California]]. In December 1910, the New York Academy of Sciences named the pink variety of beryl "morganite" after financier [[J. P. Morgan]].<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/>
On October 7, 1989, one of the largest gem morganite specimens ever uncovered, eventually called "The Rose of Maine," was found at the Bennett Quarry in Buckfield, [[Maine]], US.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=turn&id=EcoNatRes.MinYB1990v2&entity=EcoNatRes.MinYB1990v2.p0245&isize=text |publisher=US Bureau of Mines |title=Minerals yearbook 1990 |year=1990 |volume=2 |last1=Harrison |first1=Donald K. |last2=Anderson |first2=Walter |last3=Foley |first3=Michael E. |chapter=Maine |pages=234–239 |isbn=0-16-038183-5}}</ref> The crystal, originally somewhat orange in hue, was {{convert|23|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and about {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} across, and weighed (along with its matrix) just over {{convert|50|lb|kg}}.<ref>[http://maine.gov/doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/minerals/guide/chapter5/bennett-3.htm The Rose of Maine], image, The Rose of Maine at the site of its discovery</ref>

===Red beryl===
[[File:RedBeryl-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|Faceted red beryl, 0.56 ct, Utah US]]
[[File:Beryl-196800.jpg|thumb|Red beryl]]
Red beryl (formerly known as "bixbite" and marketed as "red emerald" or "scarlet emerald") is a red variety of beryl. It was first described in 1904 for an occurrence, its [[Type locality (geology)|type locality]], at Maynard's Claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, [[Juab County, Utah|Juab County]], [[Utah]].<ref name=Mindat690>[http://www.mindat.org/min-690.html MinDat – Red beryl]</ref><ref>[http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladberyl.htm Carl Ege, Utah Geological Survey]</ref> The old synonym "bixbite" is deprecated from the [[World Jewellery Confederation|CIBJO]], because of the risk of confusion with the mineral [[bixbyite]] (also named after the mineralogist [[Maynard Bixby]]). The dark red color is attributed to Mn<sup>3+</sup> ions.<ref name=color/>

Red beryl is very rare and has been reported only from a handful of locations: [[Wah Wah Mountains]], [[Beaver County, Utah]]; [[Black Range|Paramount Canyon]] and [[Black Range|Round Mountain]], [[Sierra County, New Mexico]], although the latter locality does not often produce gem grade stones;<ref name=Mindat690/> and Juab County, Utah. The greatest concentration of gem-grade red beryl comes from the Ruby-Violet Claim in the Wah Wah Mountains of the Thomas range of mid-western Utah, discovered in 1958 by Lamar Hodges, of [[Fillmore, Utah]], while he was prospecting for [[uranium]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Red Emerald History | url=http://www.redemerald.com/history.html | date=2007-11-21 | accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref> Red beryl has been known to be confused with [[pezzottaite]], a [[caesium]] analog of beryl, that has been found in Madagascar and more recently Afghanistan; cut gems of the two varieties can be distinguished from their difference in [[refractive index]], and rough crystals can be easily distinguished by differing crystal systems (pezzottaite trigonal, red beryl hexagonal). Synthetic red beryl is also produced.<ref>[http://www.gemstoneslist.com/bixbite.html "Bixbite" – The Gemstone List]</ref> Like emerald and unlike most other varieties of beryl, red beryl is usually highly included.

While gem beryls are ordinarily found in pegmatites and certain metamorphic stones, red beryl occurs in topaz-bearing [[rhyolite]]s. It is formed by crystallizing under low pressure and high temperature from a pneumatolytic phase along fractures or within near-surface [[miarolitic cavities]] of the rhyolite. Associated minerals include bixbyite, [[quartz]], [[orthoclase]], [[topaz]], [[spessartine]], [[pseudobrookite]] and [[hematite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladberyl.htm |title=What gemstone is found in Utah that is rarer than diamond and more valuable than gold? |author=Carl Ege |work=Utah Geological Survey |accessdate=July 2, 2011}}</ref>
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==Galleria d'immagini==
==Galleria d'immagini==

Versione delle 14:48, 28 ott 2016

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altre accezioni del termine, vedi Berillo (disambigua).
Berillo
Classificazione StrunzVIII/E.12-10
Formula chimicaBe3Al2(Si6O18)
Proprietà cristallografiche
Gruppo cristallinodimetrico
Sistema cristallinoesagonale
Classe di simmetriadiesagonale-bipiramidale
Parametri di cellaa = 9.21, c = 9.19
Gruppo puntuale6/m 2/m 2/m
Gruppo spazialeP 6/mmc
Proprietà fisiche
Densità2,65 - 2,90 g/cm³
Durezza (Mohs)7,5 - 8
Sfaldaturabasale imperfetta
Fratturaconcoide
Colorevariabile: biancastro, verde-azzurrino, giallastro; giallo (eliodoro), rosa (morganite), azzurro (acquamarina), verde (smeraldo), rosso (berillo rosso)
Lucentezzavitrea
Opacitàtraslucido o trasparente
Strisciobianco
Diffusionecomune (acquamarina), raro (smeraldo, eliodoro e morganite), molto raro (bixbite)
Si invita a seguire lo schema di Modello di voce – Minerale

Il berillo è un minerale dalla formula Be3Al2(Si6O18) appartenente al gruppo omonimo.

Abito cristallino

Diesagonale bipiramidale, del gruppo spaziale h2 la cella contiene due molecole, nel reticolo vi sono gli anelli di sei tetraedri, gli atomi di berillio si trovano al centro di tetraedri che hanno gli ossigeni sui vertici mentre l'alluminio coordina ottaedricamente l'ossigeno.

I cristalli hanno quasi sempre habitus prismatico e sono costituiti da un prisma esagonale rotto alle estremità o terminato dalla base oppure combinato con la base e con bipiramidi esagonali. Il Berillo si può rinvenire anche in cristalli molto grandi: alti fino a 150 cm e con un diametro di 15–20 cm; essendo un minerale tipico della fase pneumatolitica-pegmatitica di raffreddamento del magma si trova frequentemente in cristalli di dimensioni notevoli.

Caratteristiche fisiche

Ha sfaldatura basale imperfetta, durezza 7,5-8; peso specifico 2,6-2,9. Colore molto vario, incolore, verde di vario tono e azzurro; nel reticolo del berillo vi sono come dei canali vuoti e sembra che in questi canali prendano posto i metalli alcalini (Li, Na, Cs) ed il F che spesso partecipano alla costituzione del minerale. Forse anche alcuni dei coloranti occupano i canalicoli del reticolo. Il berillo è otticamente negativo con ω=1,570-1,598 e ε=1,565-1,590. È pleocroico. Si trova come minerale accessorio nei graniti, bei cristalli si trovano anche nel granito elbano, è presente anche in qualche scisto cristallino.

A seconda della presenza o meno di sostanze cromofore il berillo può assumere colori e denominazioni differenti. Il ferro dà il colore azzurro / celeste (varietà acquamarina), il cromo dà il colore verde (varietà smeraldo), colore giallo o dorato (chiamati eliodoro e crisoberillo), colore rosa (chiamata morganite). Le varietà più preziose, a livello gemmologico e nel campo della gioielleria, sono lo smeraldo, l'acquamarina e il berillo rosso (bixbite).

Si tratta di un ciclosilicato, che assume caratteristiche colorazioni grazie a piccole impurezze e può mostrare fluorescenza ai raggi UV.

Varietà

La presenza di ioni estranei impartisce differenti colorazioni, dando luogo a diverse varietà, molte delle quali sono pregiate in gioielleria:

varietà colore agente colorante
acquamarina da azzurro acqua a blu ferro
eliodoro giallo ossido di uranio o, forse, ferro
morganite rosa manganese
smeraldo verde cromo o vanadio
berillo rosso rosso ossido di manganese

Acquamarina e maxixe

Acquamarina
Acquamarina intagliata da 13.24 ct, dal Brasile

Acquamarina ((LA) aqua marina) è una variante blu o ciano di berillio. La si trova nella maggior parte dei siti offerenti berillio. Il sito dello Sri Lanka contiene Acquamarina. Il berillio giallo chiaro del Brasile viene spesso chiamato aquamarine chrysolite. La variante blu intenso è chiamata maxixe. Maxixe la si trova nel Madagascar. Il colore tende al bianco quando la pietra è esposta alla luce del sole o al calore, e ritorna al colore originale con irradiazione.

Il colore blu è da attribuire al Fe2+. Fe3+ ionico produce il colore giallo oro, e quando entrambi gli ioni Fe2+ e Fe3+ sono presenti, il colore è blu intenso come nella maxixe. La decolorazione della pietra maxixe attraverso al luce o calore avviene con il passaggio di carica tra Fe3+ e Fe2+.[1][2][3][4] Il colore blu intenso maxixe può essere ottenuto dal berillio verde, rosa o giallo irradiando la gemma con particelle ad alta energia come raggi gamma, neutroni o raggi X.[5]

Negli USA la gemma può essere trovata sulla sommità del Mount Antero nel Sawatch Range, Colorado. In Wyoming è presente nelle Big Horn Mountains, vicino il Powder River Pass. Altra località è Sawtooth Range (Idaho) vicino Stanley (Idaho). In Brasile vi sono giacimenti nel Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Bahia, e minori in Rio Grande do Norte. Le miniere della Colombia, Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania e Kenya producono anche Acquamarina.

La gemma più grande mai trovata fu rinvenuta in Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brasile, nel 1910. Pesava oltre 110 kg (240 lb), e con dimensioni di 48,5 cm (19 in) in lunghezza e 42 cm (17 in) in diametro.[6] Il taglio più grande di Acquamarina è il Dom Pedro aquamarine, presso la Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History.[7]

Galleria d'immagini

Bibliografia

  • Walter Schumann. Guida alle gemme del mondo, Zanichelli
  • John Sinkankas. Gemstone & Mineral Data Book, Winchester Press

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàThesaurus BNCF 30891 · LCCN (ENsh85013402 · GND (DE4144822-4 · BNF (FRcb12367213s (data) · J9U (ENHE987007284771405171
  Portale Mineralogia: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di mineralogia
  1. ^ Color in the Beryl group, su minerals.caltech.edu. URL consultato il 6 giugno 2009.
  2. ^ Ibragimova, E. M., Correlations between admixtures and color centers created upon irradiation of natural beryl crystals, in Inorganic Materials, vol. 45, n. 2, 2009, DOI:10.1134/S0020168509020101.
  3. ^ Viana, R. R., Characterization of beryl (aquamarine variety) by Mössbauer spectroscopy, in Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, vol. 29, 2002, DOI:10.1007/s002690100210.
  4. ^ Blak, Ana Regina, Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in blue and green natural beryl: A reply, in Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, vol. 9, n. 6, 1983, DOI:10.1007/BF00309581.
  5. ^ K. Nassau, The deep blue Maxixe-type color center in beryl (PDF), in American Mineralogist, vol. 61, 1976.
  6. ^ Schumann, Walter, Gemstones of the World, Sterling Publishing Co., 2009, p. 110, ISBN 978-1-4027-6829-3.
  7. ^ Brian Vastag, The Dom Pedro aquamarine’s long and winding path to the Smithsonian, 2 December 2012. URL consultato il 7 December 2012.