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La storia della filosofia è una disciplina che si occupa dello studio sistematico e critico dell'evoluzione del pensiero filosofico nel corso del tempo. Essa si concentra sulla filosofia come indagine razionale basata sull'argomentazione, benché alcuni teorici includono in essa anche miti, religione e tradizioni proverbiali.

La filosofia occidentale ebbe origine nell'antica Grecia come indagine sulla natura fondamentale del cosmo. Le successive evoluzioni compresero un ampio spettro di argomenti, tra cui la natura della realtà e della mente, il modo in cui le persone dovrebbero agire (l'etica) e come arrivare alla conoscenza scientifica (l'epistemologia). Durante il medioevo l'indagine filosofica fu incentrata maggiormente sulla teologia me nel rinascimento si assistette ad un rinnovato interesse per il pensiero dell'antica Grecia e all'emergere dell'umanesimo. Il periodo moderno e contemporaneo è stato, invece, caratterizzato da una maggiore attenzione alla creazione della conoscenza filosofica e scientifica. Durante il periodo noto come "illuminismo" le nuove idee vennero utilizzate per mettere in discussione le credenze e le istituzioni tradizionali. Sviluppi influenti nei secoli XIX e XX furono l'idealismo tedesco, il pragmatismo, il positivismo, la logica formale, l'analisi linguistica, la fenomenologia, l'esistenzialismo e il postmodernismo.

La filosofia arabo-persiana venne profondamente influenzata dai filosofi della Grecia antica ed ebbe il suo apice durante l'epoca d'oro islamica tra l'VIII e il XIII secolo. Uno dei suoi temi più importanti fu il rapporto tra ragione e rivelazione visti come due strade compatibili da percorrere per arrivare alla verità. Nell'XI secolo Avicenna sviluppò un sistema filosofico completo che sintetizzava la fede islamica e la filosofia greca. Dopo il XIII secolo, la ricerca filosofica diminuì, anche per via della critica sostenuta da Al-Ghazali. Nel XVII secolo, Mulla Sadra sviluppò un sistema metafisico basato sul misticismo mentre tra il XIX e il XX secolo emerse il modernismo islamico come tentativo di conciliare le dottrine islamiche tradizionali con la modernità.

La filosofia indiana è stata fin dal principio caratterizzata dal suo interesse per la natura della realtà, per i modi per arrivare alla conoscenza e il problema spirituale su come raggiungere l'illuminazione. Le sue radici affondano nelle antiche scritture religiose, note come Veda. Successivamente il pensiero indiano si divise frequentemente tra scuole ortodosse, strettamente associate agli insegnamenti dei Veda, e scuole eterodosse, come il Buddismo e il Giainismo. Influenti correnti di pensiero basate su essere furono le scuole indù di Advaita Vedānta e Navya-Nyāya così come le scuole buddiste di Madhyamaka e Vijnanavada. Nel periodo moderno, lo scambio tra il pensiero locale e quello occidentale ha portato vari filosofi indiani a sviluppare sistemi completi che mirano ad unire e armonizzare le diverse scuole di pensiero filosofiche e religiose.

Gli argomenti centrali della filosofia cinese furono la giusta condotta sociale, il governo e lo sviluppo personale. Nei tempi più antichi, il confucianesimo si occupò di esplorare le virtù morali e il modo in cui essi conducono all'armonia nella società, mentre il daoismo si concentrò sulla relazione tra esseri umani e la natura. Gli sviluppi successivi compresero l'introduzione e la trasformazione degli insegnamenti buddisti e l'emergere delle scuole di Xuanxue e del Neoconfucianesimo. Il periodo moderno della filosofia cinese è stato caratterizzato dal suo incontro con la filosofia occidentale, in particolare con il marxismo. Ulteriori correnti di pensiero di rilievo nella storia della filosofia includono la filosofia giapponese, quella latinoamericana e quella africana.

Definizione e discipline affini

La storia della filosofia è la disciplina che studia lo sviluppo del pensiero filosofico lungo la storia. Si propone di fornire un'esposizione sistematica e cronologica dei concetti e delle dottrine filosofiche, dei filosofi che le concepirono e delle scuole di pensiero a cui essi appartennero. Non si tratta, comunque, di una semplice raccolta di teorie ma il suo scopo è quello di cercare di mostrare come le diverse teorie siano correlate tra loro. Ad esempio, alcune scuole di pensiero si basano su teorie precedenti mentre altre le rifiutarono cercando invece di fornire spiegazioni alternative.^[1]^[2]^[3] Le tradizioni puramente mistiche e religiose sono spesso escluse dalla storia della filosofia a meno che le loro affermazioni non siano basate su indagini e argomentazioni razionali. Tuttavia, alcuni teorici trattano l’argomento in un senso molto ampio includendo anche gli aspetti filosofici dei miti, delle tradizioni religiose e di quelle proverbiali.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Strettamente legata alla storia della filosofia vi è la storiografia della filosofia il cui obiettivo è esaminare i metodi utilizzati dagli storici della filosofia. Inoltre, si interessa ai mutamenti delle opinioni dominanti in questo campo.^[9]^[10]^[11] Per studiare la storia della filosofia vengono utilizzati diversi metodi e approcci. Alcuni storici sono si focalizzano principalmente sulle teorie filosofiche in sé senza dare troppo pesa al fatto che siano state formulate nel passato non analizzando come le diverse posizioni si siano evolute nel tempo, preferendo concentrarsi su quali affermazioni abbiano fatto e come queste possano destare ancora interesse. Un approccio diverso è invece quello di intendere la storia della filosofia come un’evoluzione basandosi sul presupposto che vi sia un evidente progresso nel corso del tempo. In questa evoluzione, le teorie precedenti vengono perfezionate o sostituite da teorie successive più avanzate. Altri storici ancora cercano di comprendere le teorie filosofiche del passato come un prodotto del tempo in cui vennero elaborate. Il loro interesse riguarda le posizioni accettate dai filosofi del passato e perché questi le abbiano adottate. La rilevanza di queste posizioni nell'età contemporanea non è il loro obiettivo. Tra le altre cose, inoltre, studiano di come il contesto storico e la vita del filosofo abbiano modellato il loro pensiero.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Un'altra importante caratteristica metodologica è l'uso della periodizzazione che consiste nel dividere la storia della filosofia in periodi distinti. Ogni periodo corrisponde a una o più tendenze filosofiche prevalenti durante quell'età storica.^[16]

Occidente

Arabo-persiana

Indiana

Cinese

Altre

Note

^ Santinello e Piaia, 2010, pp. 487–488.
^ Copleston, 2003, pp. 4–6.
^ Verene, 2008, pp. 6–8.
^ Scharfstein, 1998, pp. 1-4.
^ Perrett, 2016.
^ Smart, 2008, pp. 1–3.
^ Rescher, 2014, p. 173.
^ Parkinson, 2005, pp. 1-2.
^ Gracia, 2006.
^ Lamprecht, 1939, pp. 449–451.
^ Frede, 2022, pp. IX-X.
^ Frede, 2022, pp. X-XIII, 79.
^ Santinello e Piaia, 2010, pp. 487-488.
^ Copleston, 2003, pp- 4–10.
^ Park, 2013, p. 130.
^ Heller, 2016, pp. 154–156]

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Collegamenti esterni

(EN) Storia della filosofia, su Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
(EN) Opere riguardanti Storia della filosofia, su Open Library, Internet Archive.

Portale Filosofia

Portale Storia

[1] Santinello e Piaia, 2010, pp. 487–488.

[2] Copleston, 2003, pp. 4–6.

[3] Verene, 2008, pp. 6–8.

[4] Scharfstein, 1998, pp. 1-4.

[5] Perrett, 2016.

[6] Smart, 2008, pp. 1–3.

[7] Rescher, 2014, p. 173.

[8] Parkinson, 2005, pp. 1-2.

[9] Gracia, 2006.

[10] Lamprecht, 1939, pp. 449–451.

[11] Frede, 2022, pp. IX-X.

[12] Frede, 2022, pp. X-XIII, 79.

[13] Santinello e Piaia, 2010, pp. 487-488.

[14] Copleston, 2003, pp- 4–10.

[15] Park, 2013, p. 130.

[16] Heller, 2016, pp. 154–156]

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@@ Riga 38: / Riga 38: @@
 == Bibliografia ==
+{{div col|2}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |last2=Taylor |first2=Richard C. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy |date=9 December 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-49469-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFMiAwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607072853/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFMiAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=al-Kindi |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 June 2023 |date=2020 |at=lead section, 3. Metaphysics, 4. Psychology |archive-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521181245/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=Byzantine and Renaissance Philosophy: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps, Volume 6 |date=10 February 2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-266992-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmlbEAAAQBAJ |language=en |volume=6 |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075421/https://books.google.com/books?id=UmlbEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |last2=Ganeri |first2=Jonardon |title=Classical Indian Philosophy: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps, Volume 5 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-885176-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCbTDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629124446/https://books.google.com/books?id=NCbTDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=Medieval Philosophy |date=September 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884240-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hverDwAAQBAJ |language=en |series=A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps |volume=4 |access-date=2023-05-25 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075421/https://books.google.com/books?id=hverDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=Philosophy in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872802-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5_oCQAAQBAJ |language=en |series=A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps |volume=2 |access-date=2023-05-25 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181007/https://books.google.com/books?id=J5_oCQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=Philosophy in the Islamic World |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957749-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ |language=en |series=A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps |volume=3 |access-date=2023-05-25 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075423/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ& |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |title=Studies on Early Arabic Philosophy |date=21 April 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-94696-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3y6EAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154215/https://books.google.com/books?id=e3y6EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Andrea |first1=Alfred J. |last2=Overfield |first2=James H. |title=The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500 |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-53746-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154153/https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Anstey |first1=Peter R. |last2=Vanzo |first2=Alberto |title=Experimental Philosophy and the Origins of Empiricism |date=31 January 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-03467-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LytEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065939/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LytEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=A. H. |title=The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy |date=April 1967 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521040549 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9w-w4k35H4C |language=en |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521171111/https://books.google.com/books?id=U9w-w4k35H4C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Atkin |first1=Albert |title=Pragmatism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0093.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies Online |publisher=OUP |access-date=6 June 2023 |language=en |date=2010 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607072850/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0093.xml |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Ayduz |first1=Salim |last2=Dagli |first2=Caner |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ |language=en }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest |title=Philosophic Classics: Asian Philosophy, Volume VI |date=3 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-21744-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUg4DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154158/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUg4DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Patrick |title=Italian Renaissance Humanism in the Mirror |date=29 September 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11186-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9yCCgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531074828/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9yCCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Baldassarri |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Blank |first2=Andreas |title=Vegetative Powers: The Roots of Life in Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern Natural Philosophy |date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-69709-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRgwEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154216/https://books.google.com/books?id=QRgwEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Banhatti |first1=G. S. |title=Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda |date=1995 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-291-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jK5862eV7_EC |language=en }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Barmann |first1=Lawrence F. |title=Baron Friedrich Von Hügel and the Modernist Crisis in England |date=27 April 1972 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-08178-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDg8AAAAIAAJ |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154159/https://books.google.com/books?id=jDg8AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Beaney |first1=Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of The History of Analytic Philosophy |date=20 June 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-166266-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMZoAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075417/https://books.google.com/books?id=eMZoAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite book |last=Beiser |first=Frederick C. |year=1987 |title=The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ihJn9EKCl4C |editor= |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674020696 |access-date=2023-06-25 |archive-date=2023-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520061009/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ihJn9EKCl4C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Beiser |first1=Frederick |title=Review of Nineteenth Century Philosophy: Revolutionary Responses to the Existing Order |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/nineteenth-century-philosophy-revolutionary-responses-to-the-existing-order/ |website=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |publisher=University of Notre Dame |access-date=18 June 2023 |language=en |date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618022928/https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/nineteenth-century-philosophy-revolutionary-responses-to-the-existing-order/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Richard H. |last2=Fernback |first2=Jan |title=Understanding African Philosophy: A Cross-cultural Approach to Classical and Contemporary Issues |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94866-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NuSAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-15 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=1NuSAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Belo |first1=Catarina Carriço Marques de Moura |title=Chance and Determinism in Avicenna and Averroës |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15587-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4Nii9xOmTYC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-19 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154154/https://books.google.com/books?id=b4Nii9xOmTYC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Ben Ahmed |first1=Fouad |last2=Pasnau |first2=Robert |title=Ibn Rushd [Averroes] |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-rushd/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 June 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525190104/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-rushd/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Bilimoria |first1=Puruṣottama |title=History of Indian philosophy |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30976-9}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Blackson |first1=Thomas A. |title=Ancient Greek Philosophy: From the Presocratics to the Hellenistic Philosophers |date=6 January 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-9608-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89zzlbsG1KgC |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074911/https://books.google.com/books?id=89zzlbsG1KgC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Bohman |first1=James |last2=Flynn |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Celikates |first3=Robin |title=Critical Theory |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=21 October 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801180838/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Booth |first1=Anthony Robert |title=Analytic Islamic Philosophy |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-54157-4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-54157-4_7 |language=en |chapter=The Philosophers Strike Back: Averroes and Islamic Philosophy After al-Ghazali |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-54157-4_7 |access-date=2023-06-09 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609081214/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-54157-4_7 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Boundas |first1=Constantin V. |title=Columbia Companion to Twentieth-Century Philosophies |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14203-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROidAwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROidAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Boyd |first1=Craig A. |last2=Timpe |first2=Kevin |title=The Virtues: A Very Short Introduction |date=25 March 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-258407-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIskEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154156/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIskEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Brinkmann |first1=Svend |title=Philosophies of Qualitative Research |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-024724-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gH8yDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-04 |archive-date=2023-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604072956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gH8yDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Buren |first1=Franziska van |title=Aristotle and the Ontology of St. Bonaventure |date=20 March 2023 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=978-94-6270-356-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnWzEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnWzEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Camus |first1=Albert |title=Christian Metaphysics and Neoplatonism |date=2007 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-6622-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_myYMkRuN4C |language=en |access-date=2023-05-28 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074907/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_myYMkRuN4C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Canfield |editor-first1=John V. |title=Philosophy of Meaning, Knowledge and Value in the Twentieth Century |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-03068-4 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
+* {{Cite book |last=Catana |first=Leo |chapter=Philosophical Problems in the History of Philosophy: What Are They? |date=2013-07-05 |title=Philosophy and Its History |pages=115–133 |editor-last=Laerke |editor-first=Mogens |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12744/chapter/162852515 |access-date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199857142.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-985714-2 |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Justin E. H. |editor3-last=Schliesser |editor3-first=Eric}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Chai |first1=David |title=Daoist Encounters with Phenomenology: Thinking Interculturally about Human Existence |date=9 January 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-06956-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rW9DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154156/https://books.google.com/books?id=9rW9DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Chamankhah |first1=Leila |title=The Conceptualization of Guardianship in Iranian Intellectual History (1800–1989): Reading Ibn ʿArabī's Theory of Wilāya in the Shīʿa World |date=3 September 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-22692-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGtDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154157/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGtDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Chambre |first1=Henri |last2=Maurer |first2=Armand |last3=Stroll |first3=Avrum |last4=McLellan |first4=David T. |last5=Levi |first5=Albert William |last6=Wolin |first6=Richard |last7=Fritz |first7=Kurt von |title=Western philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=30 May 2023 |language=en |date=2023 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513135159/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Chappell |first1=Vere |title=The Cambridge Companion to Locke |date=24 June 1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38772-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f28fFbiohXMC |language=en |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065935/https://books.google.com/books?id=f28fFbiohXMC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Chimakonam |first1=Jonathan O. |title=Atuolu Omalu: Some Unanswered Questions in Contemporary African Philosophy |date=15 December 2014 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-6455-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Su7iBQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154154/https://books.google.com/books?id=Su7iBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Chimisso |first1=Cristina |title=Writing the History of the Mind: Philosophy and Science in France, 1900 to 1960s |date=11 February 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-78815-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v-NCwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075437/https://books.google.com/books?id=7v-NCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Coetzee |first1=Pieter Hendrik |last2=Roux |first2=A. P. J. |title=The African Philosophy Reader |date=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-18905-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iz90Qo8G_oC&pg=PA88 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116092142/https://books.google.com/books?id=8iz90Qo8G_oC&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Coetzee |first1=P. H. |last2=Roux |first2=A. P. J. |title=The African Philosophy Reader |date=March 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-88419-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA423 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-17 |archive-date=2023-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817155445/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA423 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Colapietro |first1=Vincent Michael |title=Fateful Shapes of Human Freedom: John William Miller and the Crises of Modernity |date=2003 |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=978-0-8265-1433-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9C9WK3M7hcC&pg=PA42 |language=en |access-date=2023-06-26 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181018/https://books.google.com/books?id=W9C9WK3M7hcC&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Copleston |first1=Frederick |title=History of Philosophy Volume 1: Greece and Rome |date=1 June 2003 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-6895-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y08L-MC36JUC |language=en |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y08L-MC36JUC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Corradetti |first1=Claudio |title=Frankfurt School and Critical Theory |url=https://iep.utm.edu/critical-theory-frankfurt-school/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164557/https://iep.utm.edu/critical-theory-frankfurt-school/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Critchley |first1=Simon |title=Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction |date=22 February 2001 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-157832-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syhsLJ1eMOEC |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181007/https://books.google.com/books?id=syhsLJ1eMOEC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Richard |title=Duns Scotus |date=17 June 1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535225-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfQ9Bj8j2HoC |language=en |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530073323/https://books.google.com/books?id=mfQ9Bj8j2HoC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Crotty |first1=Michael |title=The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process |date=26 August 1998 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4462-8313-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yV-JCwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154157/https://books.google.com/books?id=yV-JCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Crowder |first1=Jason D. |title=Philosophy, Who Needs It?: A Layman's Introduction to Philosophy |date=2 March 2016 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-1979-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr6qCwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154213/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr6qCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Dalal |first1=Neil |title=Śaṅkara |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=19 June 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127111736/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Daniélou |first1=Alain |title=Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life in the Tradition of Ancient India |date=August 1993 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-218-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMSngEmfdS0C |language=en }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Dasti |first1=Matthew R. |title=Nyaya |url=https://iep.utm.edu/nyaya/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=10 June 2023 |at=lead section, 1b. Inference |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004042359/http://www.iep.utm.edu/nyaya/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Decock |first1=Lieven |title=Quine's Weak and Strong Indispensability Argument |journal=Journal for General Philosophy of Science |date=2002 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=231–250 |doi=10.1023/A:1022471707916|s2cid=117002868 }}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Dehsen |first1=Christian von |title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-95102-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074908/https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last=di Giovanni |first=George |year=2005 |title=Freedom and Religion in Kant and his Immediate Successors: The Vocation of Humankind, 1784–1800 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Dobson |first1=Geoffrey |title=A Chaos of Delight: Science, Religion and Myth and the Shaping of Western Thought |date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-47872-2 |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Dougherty |first1=Jude P. |title=Wretched Aristotle: Using the Past to Rescue the Future |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4006-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iyNO-QsemOwC |language=en |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154236/https://books.google.com/books?id=iyNO-QsemOwC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Druart |first1=Therese-Anne |title=al-Farabi |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 June 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710201300/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Duignan |editor1-first=Brian |title=Ancient Philosophy: From 600 BCE to 500 CE |date=15 August 2010 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-141-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfBS-RXJ5RsC |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074908/https://books.google.com/books?id=MfBS-RXJ5RsC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Duignan |editor1-first=Brian |title=Medieval Philosophy: From 500 to 1500 CE |date=15 August 2010a |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-143-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HoJ77q1TN8C |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074908/https://books.google.com/books?id=5HoJ77q1TN8C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Duignan |first1=Brian |title=The History of Western Ethics |date=15 January 2011 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-301-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDYy8HGZLB4C |language=en |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075507/https://books.google.com/books?id=UDYy8HGZLB4C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Dyrness |first1=William A. |last2=Kärkkäinen |first2=Veli-Matti |title=Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church |date=25 October 2009 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-7811-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181022/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |author1=EB staff |title=Chinese philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-philosophy |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=12 June 2023 |language=en |date=2017 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502233005/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112694/Chinese-philosophy |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |author1=EB staff |title=History and periods of Indian philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Indian-philosophy |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=10 June 2023 |language=en |date=2023 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611075241/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Indian-philosophy |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |author1=EB staff |title=Islamic philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-philosophy |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |date=2020 |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607072850/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-philosophy |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Eberle |first1=Gary |title=The Geography of Nowhere: Finding One's Self in the Postmodern World |date=1994 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-55612-716-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJsUiF7n3uQC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154156/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJsUiF7n3uQC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Elders |first1=Leo |title=The Philosophical Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=978-90-04-09156-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKI3AAAAIAAJ |language=en |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530073326/https://books.google.com/books?id=qKI3AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Fang |first1=Litian |title=Chinese Buddhism and Traditional Culture |date=21 November 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51909-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjZ7DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjZ7DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Fennell |first1=John |title=A Critical Introduction to the Philosophy of Language: Central Themes from Locke to Wittgenstein |date=18 February 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-64906-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOeIDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075507/https://books.google.com/books?id=hOeIDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Fine |first1=Gail |title=The Oxford Handbook of Plato |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-063973-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mitDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154208/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mitDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live |author1-link=Gail Fine }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Robert |last2=Romero |first2=Paola |last3=Talbot |first3=Marianne |last4=Warburton |first4=Nigel |last5=Whiston |first5=Amna |title=Philosophy: A Visual Encyclopedia |date=5 November 2020 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-50422-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drX4DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075508/https://books.google.com/books?id=drX4DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Frassetto |first1=Michael |title=The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes] |date=14 March 2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-996-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6feKDfRM9sYC |language=en |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181023/https://books.google.com/books?id=6feKDfRM9sYC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Frede |first1=Michael |title=The Historiography of Philosophy |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884072-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9VEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524112244/https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9VEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Furley |editor-first1=David |title=II. From Aristotle to Augustine |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-02845-2 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Gannon |first1=Sharon |title=Yoga & Veganism: The Diet of Enlightenment |date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-64722-185-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZXcDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154202/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZXcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Gavin |first1=W. J. |title=Context Over Foundation: Dewey and Marx |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-2903-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3ioBgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073000/https://books.google.com/books?id=L3ioBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Ge (葛云保) |first1=Yunbao |title=From Geocentric to Heliocentric: How Discoveries Are Made |date=25 January 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-7779-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRdbEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531074827/https://books.google.com/books?id=FRdbEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Glenney |first1=Brian |last2=Silva |first2=José Filipe |title=The Senses and the History of Philosophy |date=21 February 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-73106-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gH6JDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154208/https://books.google.com/books?id=gH6JDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Jeffrey |title=Nagel or Camus on the Absurd? |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |date=September 1984 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.2307/2107324|jstor=2107324 }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Gracia |first1=Jorge |last2=Vargas |first2=Manuel |title=Latin American Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/latin-american-philosophy/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=14 June 2023 |date=2018 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611112950/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/latin-american-philosophy/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Gracia |first1=Jorge J. E. |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald |title=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition |date=2006 |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO |isbn=978-0-02-865790-5 |chapter=History And Historiography Of Philosophy |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112065913/https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Gracia |first1=Jorge J. E.   |last2=Millán-Zaibert   |first2=Elizabeth   |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald |title=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition |date=2006 |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO |isbn=978-0-02-865790-5 |chapter=Latin American Philosophy |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112065913/https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=Daniel W. |title=The Structure of Explanation in the History of Philosophy |journal=Metaphilosophy |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9973.1988.tb00710.x |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24436790 |access-date=1 April 2024 |issn=0026-1068 |date=1988 }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Jacob N. |title=Ancient Greek Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/ancient-greek-philosophy/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=25 May 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825215433/https://iep.utm.edu/ancient-greek-philosophy/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Grayling |first1=A. C. |title=The History of Philosophy |date=20 June 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-241-98086-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150052/https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Thomas Hill |last2=Brink |first2=David Owen |title=Prolegomena to Ethics |date=2003 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-926643-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJPYcEQXEWcC |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527075225/https://books.google.com/books?id=EJPYcEQXEWcC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Grendler |first1=Paul |title=Humanism |journal=Renaissance and Reformation |date=10 May 2010 |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0002|isbn=978-0-19-539930-1 }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Griffel |first1=Frank |title=al-Ghazali |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-ghazali/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=19 June 2023 |date=2020 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528070053/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-ghazali/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Griffel |first1=Frank |title=The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-088634-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0vEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609081212/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0vEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Bina |title=An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom |date=19 April 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-65309-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mmpAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154206/https://books.google.com/books?id=2mmpAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Gutas |first1=Dimitri |title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna] |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 June 2023 |date=2016 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427150147/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Haaparanta |first1=Leila |title=The development of modern logic |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513731-6 |chapter=1. Introduction |author-link=Leila Haaparanta}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Paul |title=Historicism |date=1 March 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-43781-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lGBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |language=en |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623074208/https://books.google.com/books?id=0lGBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Hammersley |first1=Martyn |title=Routledge Revivals: The Dilemma of Qualitative Method (1989): Herbert Blumer and the Chicago Tradition |date=1 February 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-03768-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ClKDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154201/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ClKDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Hasse |first1=Dag Nikolaus |title=Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=16 June 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321224052/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Heidegger |first1=Martin |title=The Beginning of Western Philosophy: Interpretation of Anaximander and Parmenides |date=5 February 2015 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01561-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i8aBgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2i8aBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Heller |first1=Agnes |title=A Theory of History |date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-26883-3 |language=en |author-link=Agnes Heller}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Hindson |first1=Ed |last2=Caner |first2=Ergun |title=The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity |date=1 May 2008 |publisher=Harvest House Publishers |isbn=978-0-7369-3635-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC |language=en |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154200/https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC |url-status=live }}
+*{{cite book |last=Houlgate |first=Stephen |year=2005 |title=An introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth, and History |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Claretha |last2=Gosney |first2=Matthew W. |title=The History of Human Resource Development: Understanding the Unexplored Philosophies, Theories, and Methodologies |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-52698-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzR6CwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154242/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzR6CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Hurka |first1=Thomas |title=Moore's Moral Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moore-moral/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=3 June 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322203953/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moore-moral/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Iannone |first1=A. Pablo |title=Dictionary of World Philosophy |date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-68043-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyB6GXM-CZkC |language=en |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154239/https://books.google.com/books?id=AyB6GXM-CZkC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Illetterati |first1=Luca |last2=Miolli |first2=Giovanna |title=The Relevance of Hegel's Concept of Philosophy: From Classical German Philosophy to Contemporary Metaphilosophy |date=16 December 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-16260-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jk1PEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181022/https://books.google.com/books?id=jk1PEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Imbo |first1=Samuel Oluoch |title=An introduction to African philosophy |date=1998 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=0847688410 }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Inglis |first1=John |title=Medieval Philosophy and the Classical Tradition: In Islam, Judaism and Christianity |date=9 October 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79088-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1uQAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1uQAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Iqbal |first1=Muzaffar |title=The Making of Islamic Science |date=2009 |publisher=The Other Press |isbn=978-967-5062-31-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGeCHcDjj5YC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154235/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGeCHcDjj5YC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Roy |title=What is Islamic Philosophy? |date=5 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81404-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181953/https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Janaway |first1=Christopher |title=Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy |date=9 March 1989 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-152013-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QdREAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073006/https://books.google.com/books?id=9QdREAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Janz |first1=Bruce B. |title=Philosophy in an African Place |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-3668-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADNfa6ph57wC&pg=PA74 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813080206/https://books.google.com/books?id=ADNfa6ph57wC&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Meenakshi |title=Subaltern Saints in India: Women and Sudras in Bhakti Movement |date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4299-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gdoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 |language=en |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021140123/https://books.google.com/books?id=4gdoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Juergensmeyer |first1=Mark |last2=Roof |first2=Wade Clark |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181952/https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Kasulis |first1=Thomas |title=Japanese Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-philosophy/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=14 June 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805140100/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-philosophy/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kasulis |first1=Thomas P. |chapter=Japanese philosophy |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2016 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-G100-1|isbn=9780415250696 }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kasulis |first1=Thomas P. |chapter=Logic in Japan |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2016a |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-G108-1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415250696 |at=lead section, 2. Nishida’s logic of basho and logic of the predicate}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Kasulis |first1=Thomas P. |title=Japanese philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-philosophy |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=14 June 2023 |language=en |date=2013 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213184415/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-philosophy |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kaye |first1=Sharon M. |title=Medieval Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide |date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-168-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBu9DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154200/https://books.google.com/books?id=DBu9DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kaylor |first1=Noel Harold |last2=Phillips |first2=Philip Edward |title=A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages |date=3 May 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18354-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_secKlFKB0C |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074907/https://books.google.com/books?id=B_secKlFKB0C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kenny |first1=Anthony |title=Medieval Philosophy |date=2005 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-875277-6 |edition=1 |series=A new history of Western philosophy}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kenny |first1=Anthony |title=Philosophy in the Modern World |date=2007 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-875279-0 |edition=1 |series=A new history of Western philosophy}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kenny |first1=Anthony |title=The rise of modern philosophy |date=2006 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-875277-6 |edition=1 |series=A new history of Western philosophy}}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Sungmoon |title=Theorizing Confucian Virtue Politics: The Political Philosophy of Mencius and Xunzi |date=14 November 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-57739-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckG8DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckG8DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Komar |first1=Bernard V. |title=Christian Love |date=7 March 2003 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-296-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnRpeNVw8HcC |language=en |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154201/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnRpeNVw8HcC |url-status=live }}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Kurki |first1=Milja |title=Causation in International Relations: Reclaiming Causal Analysis |date=3 April 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-47076-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHjpLbqyjfYC |language=en |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065948/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHjpLbqyjfYC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kurtz |first1=Lester R. |title=Gods in the Global Village: The World's Religions in Sociological Perspective |date=2012 |publisher=Pine Forge Press |isbn=978-1-4129-9125-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpOYhiyaFQAC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-15 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154218/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpOYhiyaFQAC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Lagerlund |editor1-first=Henrik |title=Encyclopedia of medieval philosophy: philosophy between 500 and 1500 |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-024-1663-3 |edition=Second}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Lamprecht |first1=Sterling P. |title=Historiography of Philosophy |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |date=17 August 1939 |volume=36 |issue=17 |pages=449–460 |doi=10.2307/2018864|jstor=2018864 }}
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+* {{cite web |last1=Legg |first1=Catherine |last2=Hookway |first2=Christopher |title=Pragmatism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/Pragmatism/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |date=16 August 2008 |at=lead section |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008130434/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Lévinas |first1=Emmanuel |title=The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology |date=1995 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-1281-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7sVkAfaEHAC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154243/https://books.google.com/books?id=n7sVkAfaEHAC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Littlejohn |first1=Ronnie |title=Chinese Philosophy: Overview of History |url=https://iep.utm.edu/chinese-philosophy-overview-of-history/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=12 June 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601185554/https://iep.utm.edu/chinese-philosophy-overview-of-history/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=JeeLoo |title=Neo-Confucianism: Metaphysics, Mind, and Morality |date=19 June 2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-61914-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITHTDgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ITHTDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Long |first1=A. A. |title=Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics |date=20 August 1986 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05808-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3s6DILqP1MwC |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074914/https://books.google.com/books?id=3s6DILqP1MwC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=López-Farjeat |first1=Luis Xavier |title=Classical Islamic Philosophy: A Thematic Introduction |date=10 August 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-38926-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE3EAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154248/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE3EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Lovat |first1=Terence |last2=Dally |first2=Kerry |last3=Clement |first3=Neville |last4=Toomey |first4=Ron |title=Values Pedagogy and Student Achievement: Contemporary Research Evidence |date=6 July 2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-1563-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SL7SBnRIJEUC |language=en |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154158/https://books.google.com/books?id=SL7SBnRIJEUC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Scott |last2=Kretzmann |first2=Norman |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/medieval-philosophy/v-1 |language=en |chapter=Medieval philosophy |access-date=2023-05-28 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509003618/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/medieval-philosophy/v-1 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Mackey |first1=David A. |last2=Elvey |first2=Kathryn M. |title=Society, Ethics, and the Law: A Reader |date=14 February 2020 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-1-284-19964-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miHHDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065936/https://books.google.com/books?id=miHHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Maharaj |first1=Ayon |title=The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Vedanta |date=28 May 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-06325-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0bnDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154220/https://books.google.com/books?id=D0bnDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Makaryk |first1=Irene Rima |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms |date=1 January 1993 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-6860-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTJCiLG9AeoC |language=en |author-link=Irene Rima Makaryk }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Maraldo |first1=John C. |title=Nishida Kitarō |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nishida-kitaro/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=14 June 2023 |date=2019 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609094819/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nishida-kitaro/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Marenbon |editor-first1=John |title=III. Medieval Philosophy |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-02846-9 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Marenbon |first1=John |title=Medieval Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=27 May 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024717/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Marenbon |first1=John |title=The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Philosophy |date=14 June 2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-537948-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TbPp5I6nL8C |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154303/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TbPp5I6nL8C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Marias |first1=Julian |title=History of Philosophy |date=2 October 2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-12193-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPTBAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=oPTBAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Marino |first1=Stefano |last2=Terzi |first2=Pietro |title=Kant's 'Critique of Aesthetic Judgment' in the 20th Century: A Companion to Its Main Interpretations |date=9 November 2020 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-059649-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfUEEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=DfUEEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Marshev |first1=Vadim I. |title=History of Management Thought: Genesis and Development from Ancient Origins to the Present Day |date=13 January 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-62337-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPQTEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624075157/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPQTEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Masud |first1=Muhammad Khalid |title=Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debates |date=18 August 2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3794-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxKrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123161941/https://books.google.com/books?id=LxKrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=McAfee |first1=Noëlle |last2=Garry |first2=Ann |last3=Superson |first3=Anita |last4=Grasswick |first4=Heidi |last5=Khader |first5=Serene |title=Feminist Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-philosophy/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=3 December 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622032832/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-philosophy/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=McEwan |first1=Cheryl |title=Postcolonialism and Development |date=20 November 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-08082-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORNV6hqqAFgC&pg=PA39 |language=en |access-date=13 August 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813080206/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORNV6hqqAFgC&pg=PA39 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Sangeetha |title=Vedanta, Advaita |url=https://iep.utm.edu/advaita-vedanta/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163706/https://iep.utm.edu/advaita-vedanta/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Meynard |first1=Thierry |last2=Major |first2=Philippe |title=Dao Companion to Liang Shuming's Philosophy |date=20 February 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-18002-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R16vEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154157/https://books.google.com/books?id=R16vEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Moaddel |first1=Mansoor |title=Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse |date=16 May 2005 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk6BLopmn3gC&pg=PA1 |language=en |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823084616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk6BLopmn3gC&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Montero |first1=Barbara Gail |title=Thought in Action: Expertise and the Conscious Mind |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-108170-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5bSDAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154212/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5bSDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Moris |first1=Zailan |title=Revelation, Intellectual Intuition and Reason in the Philosophy of Mulla Sadra: An Analysis of the al-hikmah al-'arshiyyah |date=5 November 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-85866-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWwAAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181955/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWwAAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live |author-link=Zailan Moris }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Mou |editor1-first=Bo |title=History of Chinese philosophy |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-00286-5}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Madonna M. |title=Plato's Philosophy of Education and the Common Core Debate |journal=Association for the Development of Philosophy Teaching - Spring Conference |date=25 April 2015 |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED559997 |language=en |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503065830/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED559997 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Mark |title=The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-ethics/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 May 2023 |date=2019 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524133956/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-ethics/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |title=History of Islamic Philosophy |date=7 March 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78043-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWLvDmhaIsC |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607072855/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWLvDmhaIsC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |date=11 May 2006 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6800-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wankwAEACAAJ |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607072851/https://books.google.com/books?id=wankwAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Nord |first1=Warren |title=Does God Make a Difference?: Taking Religion Seriously in Our Schools and Universities |date=10 November 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-989022-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXTziqxDgEQC |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154159/https://books.google.com/books?id=qXTziqxDgEQC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Nyiro |first1=Lajos |title=Literature and its interpretation |date=8 July 2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-134194-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_2gDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154208/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_2gDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=O'Meara |first1=Dominic J. |title=Neoplatonism and Christian Thought |date=30 June 1981 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1511-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HigxLxjK2hgC |language=en |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154216/https://books.google.com/books?id=HigxLxjK2hgC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=O'Regan |first1=Gerard |title=Guide to Discrete Mathematics: An Accessible Introduction to the History, Theory, Logic and Applications |date=16 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-44561-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2AWDQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073003/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2AWDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Ongaro |first1=Edoardo |title=Philosophy and Public Administration: An Introduction |date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-83910-034-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uljwDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154206/https://books.google.com/books?id=uljwDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Paranjape |first1=Makarand R. |title=Cultural Politics in Modern India: Postcolonial prospects, colourful cosmopolitanism, global proximities |date=22 January 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-35215-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX9wCwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154302/https://books.google.com/books?id=BX9wCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Park |first1=Peter K. J. |title=Africa, Asia, and the History of Philosophy: Racism in the Formation of the Philosophical Canon, 1780–1830 |date=11 March 2013 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-4643-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FF1IwImcna0C |language=en |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075418/https://books.google.com/books?id=FF1IwImcna0C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Parker-Ryan |first1=Sally |title=Ordinary Language Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/ord-lang/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=5 June 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307123951/https://iep.utm.edu/ord-lang/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Parkinson |editor-first1=G. H. R. |title=IV. The Renaissance and Seventeenth-century Rationalism |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-02914-5 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
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+* {{cite web |last1=Penner |first1=Sydney |title=Scholasticism and Aristotelianism: Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0419.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181955/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0419.xml |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Pérez-Jara |first1=Javier |last2=Camprubí |first2=Lino |title=Science and Apocalypse in Bertrand Russell: A Cultural Sociology |date=August 2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-1848-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD96EAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075507/https://books.google.com/books?id=AD96EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Stephen H. |title=Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of New Logic |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1488-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z02WEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |language=en |date=1998 }}
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+* {{cite book |last1=Pooley |first1=Jefferson D. |last2=Rothenbuhler |first2=Eric W. |title=The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, 4 Volume Set |date=31 October 2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-29073-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY_2DQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154159/https://books.google.com/books?id=eY_2DQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Priel |first1=Dan |editor1-last=Bustamante |editor1-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Decat |editor2-first=Thiago Lopes |title=Philosophy of Law as an Integral Part of Philosophy: Essays on the Jurisprudence of Gerald J Postema |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-3390-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xkMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |language=en |chapter=Analytic Jurisprudence in Time |date=2020 }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Prince |first1=Brainerd |title=The Integral Philosophy of Aurobindo: Hermeneutics and the Study of Religion |date=20 January 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-19447-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LislDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154201/https://books.google.com/books?id=LislDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Qi |first1=Xiaoying |title=Globalized Knowledge Flows and Chinese Social Theory |date=21 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-69162-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxWkAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154205/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxWkAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Raghuramaraju |first1=A. |title=Ramchandra Gandhi: The Man and His Philosophy |date=16 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-91758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ty_CwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ty_CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Rambachan |first1=Anantanand |title=The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity |date=1 February 2012 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8131-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RX67hbbtW6kC |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154300/https://books.google.com/books?id=RX67hbbtW6kC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Rambachan |first1=Anantanand |title=The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1542-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9EJBQG3zqUC |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154214/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9EJBQG3zqUC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Ramgotra |first1=Manjeet |last2=Choat |first2=Simon |title=Rethinking Political Thinkers |date=30 March 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884739-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2eyEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073004/https://books.google.com/books?id=R2eyEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Ranganathan |first1=Shyam |title=Ramanuja |url=https://iep.utm.edu/ramanuja/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212154759/https://www.iep.utm.edu/ramanuja/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Raymond |first1=Geuss |editor1-last=Craig |editor1-first=Edward |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/critical-theory/v-1 |isbn=9780415073103 |chapter=Critical theory |access-date=2023-10-22 |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120180041/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/critical-theory/v-1 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Rée |first1=Jonathan |last2=Urmson |first2=J. O. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy |date=30 September 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-33177-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Reisman |editor-first1=David C. |title=Before and After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12978-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uo8WdxZAteQC |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624071621/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uo8WdxZAteQC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Rescher |first1=Nicholas |title=Metaphilosophy: Philosophy in Philosophical Perspective |date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9978-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEvBQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154202/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEvBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Rizvi |first1=Sajjad |title=Mulla Sadra |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mulla-sadra/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=8 June 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527151936/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mulla-sadra/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Robb |first1=Nesca A. |title=Neoplatonism of the Italian Renaissance |date=13 April 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-36288-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8MfEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531074828/https://books.google.com/books?id=L8MfEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Ruether |first1=Rosemary Radford |title=Integrating Ecofeminism, Globalization, and World Religions |date=26 November 2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4616-3822-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvAAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154206/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Jeffrey Burton |title=Medieval Civilization |date=22 February 2005 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-59752-103-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C05LAwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154156/https://books.google.com/books?id=C05LAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Ruzsa |first1=Ferenc |title=Sankhya |url=https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=9 June 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519113815/https://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Safi |first1=Omid |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865733-2 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/modernism-islamic-modernism |language=en |chapter=Modernism: Islamic Modernism |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-date=2023-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123161901/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/modernism-islamic-modernism |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Santinello |first1=Giovanni |last2=Piaia |first2=Gregorio |title=Models of the History of Philosophy: Volume II: From Cartesian Age to Brucker |date=1 December 2010 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-9507-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gC2J3V7_TPUC |language=en |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gC2J3V7_TPUC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Santis |first1=Daniele De |last2=Hopkins |first2=Burt C. |last3=Majolino |first3=Claudio |title=The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy |date=24 August 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-17058-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkX1DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065944/https://books.google.com/books?id=gkX1DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Scharfstein |first1=Ben-Ami |title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151058/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Seshadri |first1=Kandadai |title=Ramanuja: Social Influence of His Life and Teaching |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1996 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=292–298 |jstor=4403749 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4403749 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=2023-09-07 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021135309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4403749 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Shanker |editor-first1=Stuart G. |title=IX. Philosophy of Science, Logic and Mathematics in the Twentieth Century |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-02947-3 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Singer |first1=Peter |title=Ethics |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=25 May 2023 |language=en |date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502192319/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-252580/ethics |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Sisko |first1=John E. |title=Philosophy of Mind in Antiquity: The History of the Philosophy of Mind, Volume 1 |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-01965-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjhjDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074910/https://books.google.com/books?id=rjhjDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Slingerland |first1=Edward |title=Effortless Action: Wu-wei As Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China |date=24 May 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-987457-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSReaja3V3IC |language=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151058/https://books.google.com/books?id=gSReaja3V3IC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Smart |first1=Ninian |title=World philosophies |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41188-2 |edition=Rev. 2nd}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Spade |first1=Paul Vincent |last2=Panaccio |first2=Claude |title=William of Ockham |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 May 2023 |date=2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007132502/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Stehn |first1=Alexander V. |title=Latin American Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/latin-am/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=14 June 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601201527/https://iep.utm.edu/latin-am/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=Jay   |title=Philosophy |edition=4th |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-61564-538-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7cAAwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065939/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7cAAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Sweeney |first1=E. |title=Logic, Theology and Poetry in Boethius, Anselm, Abelard, and Alan of Lille: Words in the Absence of Things |date=30 April 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-06373-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orIYDAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154205/https://books.google.com/books?id=orIYDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Sydnor |first1=Jon Paul |title=Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology |date=29 March 2012 |publisher=James Clarke & Company Limited |isbn=978-0-227-90035-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIviDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |language=en |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907123501/https://books.google.com/books?id=aIviDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Taylor |editor-first1=Christopher Charles Whiston |title=I. From the beginning to Plato |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-06272-5 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Tebbit |first1=Mark |title=The Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopedia |date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-58277-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sn-qD-gCX18C |language=en |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154201/https://books.google.com/books?id=sn-qD-gCX18C |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Ten |editor-first1=C. L. |title=VII. The Nineteenth Century |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-03066-0 |series=Routledge History of Philosophy }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=John M. |title=Understanding Prajñā: Sengzhao's "Wild Words" and the Search for Wisdom |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-0-8204-8826-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF28i_m05MC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154205/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF28i_m05MC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Tritten |first1=Tyler |last2=Whistler |first2=Daniel |title=Nature, Speculation and the Return to Schelling |date=7 December 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-37941-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjOoDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065947/https://books.google.com/books?id=cjOoDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=Enduring Controversies in Military History: Critical Analyses and Context [2 volumes] |date=21 September 2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-4120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYI2DwAAQBAJ |language=en }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Vallgarda |editor1-first=Signild |editor2-last=Koch |editor2-first=Lene |title=Research Methods in Public Health |date=2008 |publisher=Munksgaard Danmark |isbn=978-87-628-0794-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AroOkrMitEYC |language=en |access-date=2023-06-07 |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154219/https://books.google.com/books?id=AroOkrMitEYC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |author1=Vanamali |title=The Science of the Rishis: The Spiritual and Material Discoveries of the Ancient Sages of India |date=30 January 2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-62055-387-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGAoDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154202/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGAoDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Verene |first1=Donald Phillip |title=The History of Philosophy: A Reader's Guide |date=20 June 2008 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-5197-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkDX-dxMHpoC |language=en |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075441/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkDX-dxMHpoC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Vesey |editor-first1=Godfrey |title=Impressions of Empiricism |date=18 June 1976 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-02804-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FSxCwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065936/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FSxCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Vogt |first1=Katja |title=Ancient Skepticism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=26 May 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317123533/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Waithe |first1=Mary Ellen |title=A history of women philosophers. 4: Contemporary women philosophers 1900 - today |date=1995 |publisher=Nijhoff |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9780792328087}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Yueqing |last2=Bao |first2=Qinggang |last3=Guan |first3=Guoxing |title=History of Chinese Philosophy Through Its Key Terms |date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-2572-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSfXDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154238/https://books.google.com/books?id=gSfXDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Karen J. |title=An Unconventional History of Western Philosophy: Conversations Between Men and Women Philosophers |date=16 December 2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-7425-6460-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zJOQ52E4GMC |language=en |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154158/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zJOQ52E4GMC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Michael |title=Martin Heidegger |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=6 June 2023 |date=2020 |at=2.2.1 The Question |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206061907/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Whistler |first1=Daniel |title=Schelling's Theory of Symbolic Language: Forming the System of Identity |date=28 March 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-967373-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGSfirr5UMUC |language=en |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065937/https://books.google.com/books?id=JGSfirr5UMUC |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Wiredu |first1=Kwasi |title=A Companion to African Philosophy |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99737-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGuJztByFvEC&q=Zera+Yacob+african+philosophy |language=en |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929063856/https://books.google.com/books?id=DGuJztByFvEC&q=Zera+Yacob+african+philosophy |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Wolfson |first1=Elliot R. |title=Giving Beyond the Gift: Apophasis and Overcoming Theomania |date=3 February 2014 |publisher=Fordham Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8232-5572-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJKUDwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=11 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154245/https://books.google.com/books?id=tJKUDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Yih-Hsien |title=Chinese Philosophy, Modern |url=https://iep.utm.edu/modern-chinese-philosophy/#SH5d |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=13 June 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614073250/https://iep.utm.edu/modern-chinese-philosophy/#SH5d |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Xuezhi |title=History of Chinese Philosophy in the Ming Dynasty |date=26 April 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-8963-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGwrEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625074322/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGwrEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
+{{div col end}}
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