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Lizzy Lind di Hageby, dicembre 1913.

Lizzy Lind af Hageby, nata Emilie Augusta Louise Lind af Hageby (Jönköping, 20 settembre 1878 – St. John's Wood, 26 dicembre 1963), è stata una scrittrice e femminista svedese con cittadinanza britannica che, all'inizio del XX secolo, divenne un'attivista contro la vivisezione[1].

Born to a distinguished Swedish family, Lind af Hageby and Leisa Katherine Schartau (another Swedish activist) enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1902 to advance their anti-vivisectionist education. The women attended vivisections at University College London, and in 1903 published their diary, The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology, which accused researchers of having vivisected a dog without adequate anaesthesia. The ensuing scandal, known as the Caso del cane marrone, included a libel trial, damages for one of the researchers, and rioting in London by medical students.[2]

In 1906 Lind af Hageby co-founded the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society and later ran an animal sanctuary at Ferne House[3] in Dorset with the Duchessa di Hamilton. She became a British citizen in 1912, and spent the rest of her life writing and speaking about animal protection and the link between that and feminism.[4][5] A skilled orator, she broke a record in 1913 for the number of words uttered during a trial, when she delivered 210,000 words and asked 20,000 questions during an unsuccessful libel suit she brought against the Pall Mall Gazette, which had criticized her campaigns.[6] The Nation called her testimony "the most brilliant piece of advocacy that the Bar has known since the day of Russell, though it was entirely conducted by a woman."[7][8]

Primi anni di vita[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Born into a wealthy and noble Swedish family, Lind af Hageby was the granddaughter of the ciambellano to the King of Sweden, and the daughter of Emil Lind af Hageby, a prominent lawyer. She was educated at Cheltenham Ladies College[9] in England, which gave her access to the kind of education unavailable to most women at that time. This, combined with a private income from her family, enabled her to pursue her political activism, writing and travelling around the world to deliver lectures, first in opposition to child labour and prostitution, then in support of women's emancipation, and later animal rights.[10] Lisa Gålmark writes that Lind af Hageby took to the streets, organizing rallies and speeches, when women of her class were expected to stay at home ricamare.[11]

When Lind af Hageby spoke to the Glasgow Vegetarian Society in 1914, a Daily Mail journalist reported that he had expected to find a "square jawed, high browed, slightly angular, and severely and intellectually frugal looking" woman, but instead found "a pretty, little, plump woman, with kind brown eyes, eyes that twinkle ... She was not even dowdy and undecorative. Her blue dress was ... pretty as anyone could wish." He wrote that he was "almost converted to vegetarianism" by her "straight, hard logic."[12]

After college Lind af Hageby spent time in Paris in 1900, where she and a Swedish friend, Leisa Katherine Schartau, visited the Istituto Pasteur.[13] They were distressed by the vivisection they saw there, and when they returned to Sweden joined the Nordiska samfundet till bekämpande av det vetenskapliga djurplågeriet (the Nordic Anti-Vivisection Society). Lind af Hageby became its honorary chair in 1901. In 1902 the women decided to enrol at the London School of Medicine for Women to gain the medical education they needed to train themselves as anti-vivisection activists.[5]

Il Macello della Scienza[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Caso del cane marrone.
Bayliss v. Coleridge (novembre 1903), fu mostrata questa ricostruzione della vivisezione del cane bruno; William Bayliss è in piedi davanti.
Londra, luglio 1909, protesta organizzata da Lind af Hageby
Trafalgar Square, Londra, 19 marzo 1910, per protestare contro la rimozione della statua del Brown Dog da Battersea Park. Sullo sfondo si può vedere lo striscione della Società per la difesa degli animali e l'anti-vivisezione di Lind af Hageby.

Lind af Hageby and Schartau began their studies at the London School of Medicine for Women in late 1902. The women's college did not perform vivisection, but its students had visiting rights at other London colleges, so Lind af Hageby and Schartau attended demonstrations at King's College and University College, the latter a centre of animal experimentation.[2]

The women kept a diary and in April 1903 showed it to Stephen Coleridge, secretary of the British National Anti-Vivisection Society.[14] The 200-page manuscript contained one allegation, in a chapter called "Fun," that caught his eye, namely that a brown terrier dog had been operated on multiple times over a two-month period by several researchers, then dissected – without anaesthesia, according to the diary – in front of an audience of laughing medical students:[15]

A large dog, stretched on its back on an operation board, is carried into the lecture-room by the demonstrator and the laboratory attendant. Its legs are fixed to the board, its head is firmly held in the usual manner, and it is tightly muzzled.

There is a large incision in the side of the neck, exposing the gland. The animal exhibits all signs of intense suffering; in his struggles, he again and again lifts his body from the board, and makes powerful attempts to get free.[15]

If true, the allegations meant that the experiment had violated the Legge contro la crudeltà verso gli animali del 1876, which required for that kind of procedure that the animal be anaesthetized and used once before being euthanized. (Other licences permitted the vivisection of conscious animals.) Coleridge accused Bayliss in public of having broken the law. Bayliss responded with a lawsuit.[2]

The trial opened in November 1903, by which time the diary had been published by Ernest Bell of Covent Garden, first as Eye-Witnesses, later as The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology. Lind af Hageby and Schartau testified that they had watched as the dog was brought into the lecture theatre, said they had not smelled or seen any apparatus that would deliver the Miscela A.C.E. normally used as an anaesthetic. They testified that the dog had made movements they regarded as "violent and purposeful."[16] Bayliss testified that the dog had been anaesthetized and was suffering from corea, a disease that caused involuntary spasms.[16]

The jury accepted Bayliss's account and awarded him £2,000 with £3,000 costs.[17] The publisher withdrew the diary and handed all remaining copies to Bayliss's lawyer.[18] Lind af Hageby later republished it without the chapter called "Fun," and with a new chapter about the trial, printing a fifth edition by 1913. The protracted scandal prompted the government to set up the Second Royal Commission on Vivisection in 1907; it appointed vivisectors to the commission and allowed it to sit in private.[19]

Società per la difesa degli animali e contro la vivisezione[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Lind af Hageby co-founded the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society[20] (ADAVS) in 1906 with the Duchess of Hamilton, with a shop and office at 170 Piccadilly, London. As part of the society's work, Lind af Hageby drafted a petition in or around 1906, An Anti-Vivisection Declaration, which was distributed around the world, translated into several languages, and signed by prominent anti-vivisectionists.[21] In July 1909 she organized the first international anti-vivisection conference in London; Mary Ann Elston writes that the conference promoted gradualism in the fight to end vivisection.[22] In 1911 she was living with Margaret Damer Dawson Commandant & founder of the Women Police Service who also helped organise the International Congress of Animal Protection Societies in London in 1906.

Lind-af-Hageby contro Astor e altri[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

photograph
Lind af Hageby citò in giudizio Caleb Saleeby per gli articoli scritti su di lei nella Pall Mall Gazette.[6]

Lind af Hageby became known as a distinguished orator, particularly after a second libel trial in 1913, when she sued Dr. Caleb Saleeby, a physician, the Pall Mall Gazette, its owner William Waldorf Astor, its editor James Louis Garvin, and its printer D. C. Forrester. The suit was in response to two articles by Saleeby in May 1912, prompted by a graphic vivisection display ADAVS had run in its Piccadilly shop, which Helen Rappaport writes attracted crowds of horrified onlookers. Saleeby accused Lind af Hageby in the Gazette of "a systematic campaign of falsehood."[5] Lind Af Hageby represented herself; this was at a time when women could not be admitted as lawyers in the UK, because they were not regarded as "persons" within the terms of the 1843 Legge sugli avvocati.[6][11][N 1]

The trial lasted from 1–23 April 1913. Lind af Hageby's opening statement lasted nine-and-a-half hours, her evidence nine hours, her cross-examination eight-and-a-half hours, and her closing statement three-and-a-half hours. The New York Times reported that she had uttered 210,000 words and had asked 20,000 questions of 34 witnesses. The case apparently broke records for the number of words. The judge, Mr. Justice Bucknill, said Lind af Hageby had cross-examined as well as any barrister could have done. "Her final speech was a very fine one," he said. "She is a woman of marvellous power. Day after day she showed no sign of fatigue and did not lose her temper."[6]

Lind af Hageby lost the case, but it attracted welcome publicity for her work.[24]

The long trial revealed the most brilliant piece of advocacy that the Bar has known since the day of Russell, though it was entirely conducted by a woman. Women, it appears, may sway courts and judges, but they may not even elect to the High Court of Parliament."[8]

A vegetarian dinner was held in her honour when the trial ended. One after-dinner speaker, Colonel Sir Frederic Cardew, spoke about the importance of women to the anti-vivisectionist cause, wrongly predicting that: "The day that women get the vote will be the day on which the death-knell of vivisection will be sounded."[25]

Biografia di August Strindberg[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

In 1913, Lizzy Lind af Hageby published a biography of the author and playwright August Strindberg. Lisa Gålmark writes that she praised his work, but did not abstain from criticising his views on women. The book was widely acclaimed.[26]

Prima guerra mondiale, movimento per la pace[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

During World War I Lind af Hageby joined the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, set up veterinary hospitals for horses hurt on the battlefield,[5] and with the co-operation of the French government created the Purple Cross Service for wounded horses.[22] She also opened a sanatorium in France for soldiers wounded at Carqueiranne, and wrote anti-war pamphlets, including one that appealed to women: "Be Peacemakers. An Appeal to Women of the Twentieth Century to Remove the Causes of War" (1924). Rappaport writes that she became involved after the war in protesting against cruel sports, including the hunting of pregnant hares, supported the Lega dei nostri Amici Muti, and opposed the sale of old horses to slaughterhouses.[5]

Idee[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Antivivisezione[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Cavallo e carro appartenenti alla Società per la difesa degli animali e l'anti-vivisezione di Lind Af Hageby, c. 1910

Lind af Hageby was opposed to vivisection both for the sake of the animals and because she regarded it as bad science, though she told a Royal Commission on Vivisection that she had "no objection to vivisection, provided that the vivisectors experiment on themselves."[18] She argued that it was not enough to vilify vivisection; activists had to educate themselves so that they understood the science well enough to be able to argue their case.[27]

She continued throughout her life to advocate social reform and economic equality as the main way to overcome human disease,[28] living as a strict vegetarian and becoming a board member of the London Vegetarian Society.[10] She was also active in Henry Stephens Salt's Humanitarian League.[29] Leah Leneman writes that Lind af Hageby saw Darwin's theory of selezione naturale – the L'origine delle specie had been published in 1859 – as essential to the cause of animals, because it "brought about the decay of the old anthropocentric idea of man ... It taught that if there is this kinship physically between all living creatures, surely a responsibility rests upon us to see that these creatures, who have nerves as we have, who are made of the same flesh and blood as we are, who have minds differing from ours not in kind but in degree, should be protected ..."[30]

Il femminismo[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

She was also active in several women's organizations, including the Women's Freedom League, arguing that the kinship she felt between humans and non-humans had implications for the enfranchisement and education of women, and that support for animals and women was connected to a "general undercurrent of rising humanity."[22] Indeed, the connection between rights for women and animals, neither of them regarded as persone during Lind af Hageby's lifetime, had been starkly illustrated a century earlier when Mary Wollstonecraft's Rivendicazione dei diritti della donna (1792) was swiftly followed by a parody and reductio ad absurdum, Vindication of the Rights of Brutes, written anonymously by a Cambridge philosopher.[31]

Following the lead of Frances Power Cobbe, Lind af Hageby regarded feminism and animal rights (and, in particular, vegetarianism), as strongly linked, seeing the advance of women as essential to civilization, and the tension between women and male scientists as a battle between feminism and machismo.[32] Craig Buettinger writes that feminism and anti-vivisection were strongly linked in the UK, where the comparison between the treatment of woman and animals at the hands of male scientists (and, indeed, their husbands) dominated the discourse. But in the United States, the antivisectionists based their need to protect animals on their duties as mothers and Christians, and did not see advancing women's rights as part of that.[33]

Lind af Hageby saw the spirituality and Christianity of the American anti-vivisectionists as directly tied to women's rights and progress in general. "[W]hat is called effeminacy by some ...," she wrote, "is really greater spirituality ... and identical with the process of civilization itself." Leneman writes that this view accounted for the involvement of feminists in the teosofia and other spiritual movements.[30][N 2] Lind af Hageby was herself involved with the London Spiritualist Alliance from 1935 until 1943.[35]

Santuario degli animali e vita successiva[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

In 1950, at the age of 73, she attended The Hague World Congress for the Protection of Animals.[5] From 1954 she ran a 237-acre animal sanctuary at Ferne House near Shaftesbury, Dorset, an estate left to the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society by the Duchess of Hamilton on the latter's death in 1951; the Duchess, a friend of Lind af Hageby, had been using the estate as an animal sanctuary since the Second World War.[36]

Lind af Hageby died at her home in London at 7 St Edmunds Terrace, St John's Wood, on 26 December 1963, leaving £91,739 in her will.[22] The society's assets were transferred to the Animal Defence Trust, which as of 2012 continues to offer grants for animal-protection issues.[37]

Opere selezionate[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Libri[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Altre opere[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Annotazioni[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

  1. ^ "Intorno al [1912]... la richiesta di Gwyneth Bebb di essere registrata come avvocato fu respinta dalla Law Society e il suo appello fu respinto allo stesso modo sulla base del fatto che non era una "persona" ai sensi del Solicitors Act 1843. ... Nel 1919, l'approvazione della legge sulla discriminazione sessuale (rimozione) ottenne successo, affermando che le donne erano persone e che potevano ricoprire cariche pubbliche. Tuttavia la persistenza e la resistenza delle tradizioni e dei costumi rimasero molto forti e questo atto non significò che le donne fossero accettate nella professione forense. La prima donna avvocato, Madge Easton Anderson, fu ammessa in Scozia nel 1920; seguirono l'Inghilterra e il Galles con tre donne ammesse nel dicembre 1922. A loro era consentito esercitare solo in aree ristrette come il diritto di famiglia, il matrimonio e il lavoro di successione.[23]
  2. ^ The Irish feminist, Charlotte Despard (1844–1939) – one of Lind af Hageby's supporters during the Brown Dog affair – argued that the "awakened instinct which feels the call of the sub-human, which says: – 'I am the voice of the voiceless. Through me the dumb shall speak,' works itself out through food reform on the one hand, and on the other, in a strong protest against the cruel methods of experimental research. Both of these are in close unison with the demands being made by women."[34]

Note[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

  1. ^ PMID 11608961 Hilda Kean, The 'Smooth Cool Men of Science': The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, in History Workshop Journal, n. 40, 1995, pp. 16–38, 20.
  2. ^ a b c Coral Lansbury, The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers, and Vivisection in Edwardian England, University of Wisconsin Press, 1985, pp. 9–11.
  3. ^ (EN) Ferne Park, su Quinlan Terry Architects. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2023.
  4. ^ Leah Leneman, "The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain", Women's History Review, 6(2), 1997, p. 227. DOI: 10.1080/09612029700200144
  5. ^ a b c d e f Helen Rappaport, "Lind-af-Hageby, Louise," Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2001, p. 393.
  6. ^ a b c d "Woman lawyer praised: Miss Lind-af-Hageby loses case, but makes court record", The New York Times, 11 May 1913.
  7. ^ Lisa Gålmark, Shambles of Science, Lizzy Lind af Hageby & Leisa Schartau, anti-vivisektionister 1903-1913/14, Dipartimento di Storia, Università di Stoccolma, 1996, pubblicato da Federativ Publ., 1997, pp. 45-47.
  8. ^ a b The Nation and Athenæum, Volume 13, 1913, p. 127.
  9. ^ (EN) Cheltenham ladies College, su cheltladiescollege.org/. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2023.
  10. ^ a b Mike Roscher, "Louise Lind-af-Hageby, die kosmopolitische Tierrechtlerin", www.tier-im-fokus.ch, 19 December 2010.
  11. ^ a b Lisa Gålmark, "Donne antivivisezioniste, la storia di Lizzy Lind af Hageby e Leisa Schartau, in Animal Issues, 4(2), 2000 (pp. 1–32), p. 2.; Lisa Gålmark, Shambles of Science, Lizzy Lind af Hageby & Leisa Schartau, anti-vivisektionister 1903-1913/14, History Department, Stockholm University, 1996, pubblicato da Federativ Publ., 1997. Riassunto: http://lisagalmark.se/sumlindafhageby.htm
  12. ^ Leneman 1997, p. 286, n. 49.
  13. ^ Peter Mason, The Brown Dog Affair: The Story of a Monument that Divided a Nation, Two Sevens Publishing, 1997, p. 8.
  14. ^ (EN) Homepage | National Anti-Vivisection Society, su navs.org. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2023.
  15. ^ a b Lansbury 1985, pp. 126–127, citando The Shambles of Science, pp. 19–20, 29.
  16. ^ a b Mason 1997, p. 15.
  17. ^ "Vivisectionist exculpated", The New York Times, 19 November 1903.
  18. ^ a b Frederic S. Lee, "Miss Lind and her views", The New York Times, lettera all'editore, 3 February 1909.
  19. ^ Lansbury 1985, pp. 13–14.
  20. ^ (EN) Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, su adavsociety.org, 8 novembre 2023. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2023.
  21. ^ Rod Preece, Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronicle of Sensibility to Animals, Routledge, 2002, p. 363.
  22. ^ a b c d Mary Ann Elston, "Lind-af-Hageby, (Emilie Augusta) Louise (1878–1963)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.
  23. ^ Alexandrine Guyard-Nedelec, "Discrimination Against Women Lawyers in England and Wales: An Overview", Gender Forum: An Internet Journal for Gender Studies, 17, 2007, p. 1. "Solicitors (Qualification of Women Bill)", House of Lords, 18 March 1918.
  24. ^ "1912.-L.-No. 928", atto emesso l'8 maggio 1912, tra Emelie Augusta Louise Lind-Af-Hageby e William Walford Astor, e altri; e '1912.-L.-No. 1113', atto emesso il 6 giugno 1912, Alta Corte di Giustizia, Divisione King's Bench. "Lind-af-Hageby Libel Case", Wellcome Collection, accessed 23 April 2012. "In the High Court of Justice Kings Bench Division, Before: Mr Justice Bucknill and a Special Jury Lind-af-Hageby v Astor and others, Wellcome Collection, accessed 23 April 2012.
  25. ^ Leneman 1997, p. 280.
  26. ^ Lisa Gålmark, The Spirit of Revolt, Lizzy Lind af Hageby, Emma Goldman and August Strindberg, in Strindbergiana, ed. Per Stam, David Gedin, Anna Cavallin, vol. 29, 2014, pp 37-58.
  27. ^ Hilda Kean, "Aspects of the history of anti-vivisection" Archiviato il 15 giugno 2012 in Internet Archive., Voice for Ethical Research at Oxford, 16 January 2007.
  28. ^ Gålmark 2000, p. 1.
  29. ^ (EN) Humanist Heritage: The Humanitarian League (1891-1919), su Humanist Heritage. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2023.
  30. ^ a b Leneman 1997, pp. 227, 280–281.
  31. ^ Mary Ann Elston, Mary Ann Elston, "Donne e anti-vivisezione nell'Inghilterra vittoriana, 1870-1900", in Nicolaas A. Rupke (a cura di), Vivisection in Historical Perspective, Routledge, 1987, p. 259 ss.
  32. ^ Lynda Birke, Lynda Birke, "Sostenere gli svantaggiati: femminismo, diritti degli animali e cittadinanza nel lavoro di Alice Morgan Wright e Edith Goode", Women's History Review, 9(4), 2000, p. 701. PMID 19526659
  33. ^ Craig Buettinger, "Women and antivivisection in late nineteenth century America", Journal of Social History, 30(4), Summer 1997, pp. 857–872.
  34. ^ Leneman 1997, p. 281.
  35. ^ Mercy Phillimore, "Emilie Augusta Louise Lind-af-Hageby", necrologio, Light, LXXXIV(3), 1964, p. 456.
  36. ^ Kean 1995, pp. 16–38; Andy McSmith, "Press dynasty is coming home from exile to a '£6m' mansion", The Observer, 13 June 1999.
  37. ^ Animal Defence Trust, "History" Archiviato il 9 febbraio 2012 in Internet Archive., accessed 23 April 2012.

Bibliografia[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Collegamenti esterni[modifica | modifica wikitesto]


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