Lingue paleobalcaniche
(Reindirizzamento da Lingue proto-balcaniche)
Le lingue paleobalcaniche è un concetto geo-linguistico che viene riferito alle lingue indoeuropee parlate nei Balcani nei tempi antichi. Ad eccezione del greco e della lingua che diede origine all'albanese (vedi sotto), esse sono tutte estinte, a causa dell'ellenizzazione (a sud), romanizzazione (a nord) come pure la slavizzazione (in tutto il territorio, eccezion fatta per l'Albania e la Grecia) portata successivamente dalle migrazioni slave. Le parole del substrato di origine paleobalcanica si trovano nel romeno, e in misura minore, nelle lingue slave meridionali.
Nessuna lingua preindoeuropea dei Balcani è conosciuta. In associazione a questo ci sono speculazioni sul fatto che i Balcani possano essere stati la Urheimat, o forse una "secondaria Urheimat" dell'indoeuropeo, per es. secondo l'ipotesi anatolica di Renfrew che presume una Urheimat secondaria nei Balcani intorno al 5000 a.C. Un possibile phylum pre-indoeuropeo nei Balcani potrebbe essere stato correlato alle lingue tirseniche, attestate nella forma di una singola iscrizione nella lingua lemnia.
Lista delle lingue paleobalcaniche[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- Lingue paleobalcaniche[1]
- Greco-Frigio[2][3]
- Protofrigio[4]
- Lingua frigia (parlata in Anatolia, ma appartenente al gruppo paleobalcanico)
- Lingua misia[5]
- Protoarmeno
- Protogreco
- Protofrigio[4]
- Tracio-Illirico[11]
- Protoillirico[12]
- Lingua illirica[13]
- Lingua messapica (parlata anticamente in Puglia ma appartenente al gruppo illirico)
- Lingua liburnica[13]
- Lingua albanese
- Tracio-dacico[14]
- Protoillirico[12]
- Greco-Frigio[2][3]
Ipotesi interpretative[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
A causa dell'attestazione frammentaria delle lingue estinte, particolarmente illiriche, non si conosce quale relazione di parentela, più o meno stretta, ci fosse stata fra queste lingue, vale a dire, se appartenessero a un ramo comune della famiglia linguistica indoeuropea o semplicemente al fenomeno della lega linguistica. L'albanese potrebbe essersi evoluto dal gruppo illirico,[19][20][21][22][23] ma questa ipotesi non ha ancora ottenuto un'accettazione accademica generale.
Note[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- ^ a b (EN) Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo e Panagiotis Filos, Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 18 dicembre 2017, pp. 8, ISBN 978-3-11-053213-5.
- ^ (EN) Claude Brixhe, Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire, in Adams, Janse e Swaine (a cura di), Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text, Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-924506-2.
- ^ Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), Langues indo-européennes, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.
- ^ a b I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 agosto 2011). in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
- ^ Vladimir Georgiev (1960), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58.
- ^ Philipp Strazny ed., Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1135455228, p. 116.
- ^ Olga M. Tomic, Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features, Volume 67, Springer, 2006, ISBN 1402044887, p. 38.
- ^ (ET) R.S.P. Beekes e M. de Vaan, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9. URL consultato il 29 gennaio 2024.
- ^ Olivier Masson, [Ancient] Macedonian language, in Hornblower, S. e Spawforth A. (a cura di), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, revised 3rd, USA, Oxford University Press, 2003 [1996], pp. 905–906, ISBN 0-19-860641-9.
- ^ (EN) Brian D. Joseph, Ancient Greek, in Garry, Rubino, Bodomo, Faber e French (a cura di), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present, H. W. Wilson Company, 2001, p. 256, ISBN 9780824209704.
- ^ Cf. Paglia, Sorin (2002),"Pre-Slavic and Pre-Romance Place-Names in Southeast Europe." 'Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Thracology', Sofia, Bulgarian Institute of Thracology – Europa Antiqua Foundation – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, I, 219–229, who states: "According to the available data, we may surmise that Thracian and Illyrian were mutually understandable, e.g. like Czech and Slovak, in one extreme, or like Spanish and Portuguese, at the other."
- ^ Filos, 2023, pp. 86–88; Hyllested Joseph, 2022, p. 235; Friedman, 2022; Coretta Riverin-Coutlée Kapia Nichols, 2022, p. 1122; Demiraj, 2020, p. 33; Friedman, 2020, p. 388; Majer, 2019, p. 258; Matasović, 2019, p. 5; Trumper, 2018, pp. 383–386; Baldi Savoia, 2017, p. 46; Yntema, 2017, p. 337; Matzinger, 2017, p. 1790; Ismajli, 2015, pp. 36–38, 45; Hamp Adams, 2013, p. 8; Parpola, 2012, p. 131; Holst, 2009, pp. 65–66; Schaller, 2008, p. 27; Demiraj, 2004, pp. 58–59; Mallory Adams, 1997, p. 11; Huld, 1986, pp. 245–250; Huld, 1984, p. 158.
- ^ a b (EN) Robert S. P. Beekes, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing, 2011, pp. 24, ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9.
- ^ I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd e N. G. L. Hammond, Cambridge ancient history, Cambridge [England], Cambridge University Press, 1970, p. 840., ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
- ^ (EN) John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond e E. Sollberger, The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 876., ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.«Such a lexical difference would, however, be hardly enough evidence to separate Daco-Moesian from Thracian [...]»
- ^ (BG) Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev, Trakite i technijat ezik [Thacian and their Languages], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1977, pp. 282.
- ^ Glanville Price, Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0-631-22039-9., p. 120
- ^ (EN) Paeonia | historical region, su Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato il 3 maggio 2020.
- ^ Coretta Riverin-Coutlée Kapia Nichols, 2022, p. 1122
- ^ Matasović, 2019, p. 5
- ^ Parpola, 2012, p. 131
- ^ Beekes, 2011, p. 25: "It is often thought (for obvious geographic reasons) that Albanian descends from ancient Illyrian (see above), but this cannot be ascertained as we know next to nothing about Illyrian itself."
- ^ Fortson, 2010, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. The widespread assertion that it is the modern–day descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region during classical times ([...]), makes geographic and historical sense but is linguistically untestable since we know so little about Illyrian."
Bibliografia[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- Benedetta Baldi e Leonardo M. Savoia, Cultura e identità nella lingua albanese [Culture and Identity in the Albanian Language], in LEA - Lingue e Letterature d'Oriente e d'Occidente, vol. 6, n. 6, 2017, pp. 45–77, DOI:10.13128/LEA-1824-484x-22325, ISSN 1824-484X.
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- (EN) Claude Brixhe, Macedonian, in Klein, Joseph e Fritz (a cura di), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, vol. 3, Walter de Gruyter, 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
- Stefano Coretta, Josiane Riverin-Coutlée, Enkeleida Kapia e Stephen Nichols, Northern Tosk Albanian, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol. 53, n. 3, 16 agosto 2022, pp. 1122–1144, DOI:10.1017/S0025100322000044.
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- (EN) Carlo De Simone, Illyrian, in Klein, Joseph e Fritz (a cura di), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, vol. 3, Walter de Gruyter, 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
- (SQ) Shaban Demiraj, Gjendja gjuhësore e Gadishullit Ballkanik në lashtësi, in Gjuhësi Ballkanike [Balkan Linguistics], Academy of Sciences of Albania, 2004, ISBN 9789994363001.
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- Victor A. Friedman, The Balkans, in Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras (a cura di), The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact, Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics, Routledge, 2020, pp. 385–403, ISBN 9781351109147.
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- Eric Hamp e Douglas Adams, The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View (PDF), in Sino-Platonic Papers, vol. 239, agosto 2013.
- János Harmatta, Zum Illyrischen, in Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 15, 1967, pp. 231–234.
- (DE) Jan Henrik Holst, Armenische Studien, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009, ISBN 9783447061179.
- Martin E. Huld, Basic Albanian Etymologies, Columbus, OH, Slavica Publishers, 1984, ISBN 9780893571351.
- Martin E. Huld, Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, vol. 99, n. 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), 1986, pp. 245–253, JSTOR 40848841.
- Adam Hyllested e Brian D. Joseph, Albanian, in Thomas Olander (a cura di), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. 223–245, DOI:10.1017/9781108758666.013, ISBN 9781108758666.
- (SQ) Rexhep Ismajli, Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik [Studies on the History of Albanian in the Balkan context], a cura di Eqrem Basha, n. 55, Prishtinë, Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts, special editions CLII, Section of Linguistics and Literature, 2015.
- Radoslav Katicic, Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Walter de Gruyter, 2012, ISBN 978-3111568874.
- Hans Krahe, Lexikon altillyrischen Personennamen, Heidelberg, 1929.
- Hans Krahe, Das Venetische: seine Stellung im Kreise der verwandten Sprachen, in Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, vol. 3, 1950, pp. 1–37.
- Guus Kroonen, Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis, in Riho Grünthal, Petri Kallio (a cura di), A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe, Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, vol. 266, Société Finno-Ougrienne, 2012, pp. 239–260, ISBN 9789525667424, ISSN 0355-0230.
- Guus Kroonen, Anthony Jakob, Axel I. Palmér, Paulus van Sluis e Andrew Wigman, Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages, in PLOS ONE, vol. 17, n. 10, 12 ottobre 2022, pp. e0275744, Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1775744K, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0275744, ISSN 1932-6203, PMC 9555676, PMID 36223379.
- (SQ) Marek Majer, Parahistoria indoevropiane e fjalës shqipe për 'motrën' [Indo-European Prehistory of the Albanian Word for 'Sister'], in Seminari Ndërkombëtar për Gjuhën, Letërsinë dhe Kulturën Shqiptare, vol. 1, n. 38, University of Prishtina, 2019, pp. 252–266, ISSN 2521-3687.
- J. P. Mallory e Douglas Q. Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Taylor & Francis, 1997, ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
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- (EN) Joachim Matzinger, The Lexicon of Albanian, in Klein, Joseph e Fritz (a cura di), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, vol. 3, Walter de Gruyter, 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
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- Asko Parpola, Formation of the Indo-European and Uralic (Finno-Ugric) language families in the light of archaeology: Revised and integrated ‘total’ correlations, in Riho Grünthal, Petri Kallio (a cura di), A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe, Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia / Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, vol. 266, Helsinki, Société Finno-Ougrienne, 2012, pp. 119–184, ISBN 9789525667424, ISSN 0355-0230.
- Alexander Rusakov, Albanian, in Mate Kapović, Anna Giacalone Ramat e Paolo Ramat (a cura di), The Indo-European Languages, Routledge, 2017, pp. 552–602, ISBN 9781317391531.
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- Rasmus Thorsø, Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords, in Matilde Serangeli e Thomas Olander (a cura di), Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European, Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics, vol. 19, Brill, 2019, pp. 251–262, ISBN 9789004416192.
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