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Heidi B. Hammel

Heidi B. Hammel (California, 14 Marzo 1960) è un'astronoma e geologa statunitense, conosciuta per le sue ricerche su Nettuno e Urano. Heidi Hammel ha fatto parte del team dell’imaging di Nettuno durante il sorvolo da parte della sonda Voyager 2 nel 1989. Ha guidato, nel 1994, il team che utilizzò il telescopio spaziale Hubble per osservare la caduta della cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9 su Giove. Ha utilizzato il telescopio spaziale Hubble e i telescopi Keck per studiare Urano e Nettuno, scoprendo nuove informazioni sulle macchie scure, sulle tempeste planetarie e sugli anelli di Urano. Nel 2002, è stata selezionata come scienziata interdisciplinare per il Telescopio spaziale James Webb.

Hammel si sta dedicando, con crescente interesse, alla divulgazione scientifica. Nel 2002 ha ricevuto la medaglia Carl Sagan assegnata agli scienziati che si distinguono nella divulgazione al grande pubblico della scienza planetaria. [1] Nel 2003,è stata nominata dalla rivista Discover, una delle 50 donne più importanti della scienza. [2] Oltre al suo lavoro di divulgazione scientifica presso la NASA, nel 2010 è diventata vice presidente esecutivo dell'Associazione delle Università per la Ricerca in Astronomia (AURA) [3] [4]

Biografia[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Formazione scolastica[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Hammel ha conseguito la laurea presso il Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) nel 1982 e il dottorato di ricerca in fisica e astronomia presso l'Università delle Hawaii, nel 1988. Dopo una posizione di post-dottorato presso il Jet Propulsion Laboratory della NASA, a Pasadena, California, Hammel è tornata al MIT, dove, per quasi nove anni, ha lavorato come ricercatrice presso il Dipartimento di Terra, Atmosfera e Scienze Planetarie. [xxx]

Vita privata=[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Hammel è nata in California e ha tre figli.[XXx]

Carriera[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Nel 2010 Hammel diventa vicepresidente esecutivo dell'associazione AURA (Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy), un consorzio formato da 44 membri statunitensi (università, istituzioni educative e no profit) e 5 affiliati internazionali.[1] AURA gestisce osservatori astronomici di livello mondiale tra cui il telescopio spaziale Hubble, il National Optical Astronomy Observatory, il National Solar Observatory, e the telescopi Gemini.[2]

«I made a commitment several years ago to move from the doing of the research to the enabling of the research... I want to make sure that ... young people have the opportunities, with the new tools that we’re developing right now, to push the boundaries of science.[3]»

https://www.aaas.org/astronomer-pushes-science-forward-planetary-exploration

Prima della sua nomina all'AURA, Hammel ha lavorato come ricercatrice senior e co-direttrice della ricerca presso lo Space Science Institute a Boulder, in Colorado.

[4]

Nel 2002, è stata selezionata come scienziata interdisciplinare per il successore del Telescopio Hubble, il Telescopio spaziale James Webb, il cui lancio è programmato per il 2021.

[5]

[6][7]

Ha fatto parte anche dello Science Working Group per la costruzione di un grande telescopio a specchi segmentati, un'invenzione dell'italiano Guido Horn d’Arturo.

https://www.media.inaf.it/2018/11/20/specchi-segmentati-uninvenzione-italiana/

[8]

ZZZZZZZZZZ

She served on the joint NASA/NSF Exoplanet Taskforce,[9] and on the Science and Technology Definition Team for NASA's Terrestrial planet Finder Coronograph mission.[10]

Research[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Hammel's main areas of interest are ground and space-based astronomical observations of outer planets' atmospheres[11] and satellites[12] at visible and near infrared wavelengths[13] utilizing Adaptive optics (AO) technology.[14][15]

Hammel has described her own research by saying:

«"One thing that we all care about is the weather, and we care about the weather on the Earth the most. But what makes weather is gases and clouds, and the reason the weather on the Earth is hard to predict is because we have oceans and continents that interact with our atmosphere. That makes it very hard to predict the weather, as we all know. But if you take a planet like Jupiter or Neptune you don't have continents and you don't have oceans. All you have is gas, all you have is atmosphere, and therefore it's a lot easier to model the weather on those planets. But it's the same physical process, it's the same kind of thing happening, whether it happens on the Earth or whether it happens on Neptune. Therefore by studying weather on Neptune we learn about weather in general, and that helps us understand the weather on Earth better".[16]»

The Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Telescope with its new adaptive optics changed how planetary astronomers look at Uranus and Neptune. With Hubble's advanced cameras and improvements to the adaptive optics systems of the Keck telescope, astronomers became able to capture "unbelievably crisp images" and view many details that could not be seen before.[17] Hammel's planetary research with Hubble and Keck has demonstrated that both Uranus and Neptune are dynamic worlds.[3][11][18]

Voyager 2, Neptune[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Hammel in 1995

Hammel primarily studies the outer planets and their satellites, focusing on observational techniques. She was a member of the Imaging Science Team for the Voyager 2 encounter with the planet Neptune in 1989.[19]

Shoemaker-Levy 9, Jupiter[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

In 1994, Hammel led the team that investigated Jupiter's visible wavelength response to the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 using the Hubble Space Telescope.[20][21] As the leader of the ground team Hammel analyzed photos of this event taken from the Hubble Space Telescope.[22] Hammel was the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s public face, explaining the science to television audiences worldwide.[11][23][24]

Great Dark Spot, Neptune[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Hammel was on the team that first spotted Neptune's Great Dark Spot,[3][25] a raging storm as big as Earth, and she led the Hubble Space Telescope team that documented the Great Dark Spot's disappearance after just a few years, in 1994.[26]

Weather and rings, Uranus[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

With colleague Imke de Pater, Heidi Hammel has been studying Uranus with the Keck telescope since 2000.[27] Hammel reported clocking the fastest winds ever recorded on Uranus, roaring along between 107 and 111 meters per second (240 and 260 miles per hour); the winds were measured in October 2003 on the northernmost parts of the planet visible at that time.[28][29][27][14]

Hammel discovered that Uranus' nine main rings comprise a single layer of particles, something not found in other rings. With the super-sharp optics system used at the W. M. Keck Observatory, de Pater and Hammel found an 11th ring around Uranus, a narrow sheet of rocky debris. The ring, the innermost of its siblings, is about 3,500 chilometri (2,175 mi)[converti: opzione non valida] wide and centered about 39,600 chilometri (24,606 mi)[converti: opzione non valida] from the planet's core. The ring was visible because its edge-on position to the sun and Earth reflected more light than the more typical face-on view.[30][28][29][27] In 2006, they also reported that Uranus had both an extremely rare blue ring, as well as a red ring.[31]

As of 2014, her most recent research involved the imaging of Neptune and Uranus with the use of the Hubble Space Telescope, W. M. Keck Observatory, Mauna Kea Observatory, the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), Mauna Kea and other Earth-based observatories.[32]

Recognition and public outreach[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Hammel has been awarded prizes both for her research (including the 1996 Harold C. Urey Prize of the American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences)[33] and for her public outreach (such as the San Francisco Exploratorium's 1998 Public Understanding of Science Award).[34] Hammel was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2000.[35] She has also been lauded for her work in public outreach, including the 2002 Carl Sagan Medal for outstanding communication by an active planetary scientist to the general public;[12] the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's 1995 Klumpke-Roberts Award for public understanding and appreciation of astronomy;[36] and the 1996 "Spirit of American Women" National Award for encouraging young women to follow non-traditional career paths.[12]

In acknowledgment of her many achievements, Discover Magazine recognized Hammel in 2002 as one of the 50 most important women in science.[37] Her biography “Beyond Jupiter: The Story of Planetary Astronomer Heidi Hammel” has been published by the United States National Academy of Sciences as part of the series “Women’s Adventures in Science.”[25]

Hammel joined The Planetary Society's Board of Directors in 2005.[19] On May 7, 2009 the Women's Board of the Adler Planetarium awarded Hammel with the 2009 Women in Space Science Award.[38]

In June 2010, Hammel participated in the World Science Festival held in New York City, by the James Webb Space Telescope model in Battery Park. Hammel talked about the discoveries anticipated in 2014 with the launching of the James Webb Space Telescope, which will be the world's most powerful space telescope, being the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Other speakers included John C. Mather, a Nobel laureate and the Webb telescope's senior project scientist and Dr. John Grunsfeld, astronaut, physicist and "chief repairman" of the Hubble Telescope.[39]

On November 2, 2010, The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy announced the appointment of Hammel to the position of executive vice president. Hammel began her appointment on January 1, 2011.[3][40] In accepting this appointment, Hammel said:

«The United States astronomical community stands at an interesting juncture with many possible paths ahead of us. I look forward to working with AURA as we confront these challenges. Our shared goal is a rich future for astronomy and astrophysics, giving the next generation of scientists new opportunities to explore the universe.[41]»

The asteroid 3530 Hammel was named in her honor in 1996.[42]

Filmography[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Personal quotes[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

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Further reading[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

References[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

  1. ^ Template:Url=https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SY/SY15/20170928/106436/HHRG-115-SY15-Wstate-HammelH-20170928.PDF
  2. ^ AURA, su aura-astronomy.org. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Astronomer Pushes Science Forward for Planetary Exploration, in AAAS, October 17, 2016. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  4. ^ Woman Astronomer on Her Career, in Newsweek, November 17, 2007. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  5. ^ NASA's James Webb Space Telescope to target Jupiter's Great Red Spot, in Science Daily, June 25, 2018. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  6. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Tuz
  7. ^ NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is delayed again until 2021 MarNASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is delayed again until 2021, in Skymania, March 28, 2018. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  8. ^ Telescopes and space missions Research update US astronomers call for a new space telescope with a giant 12 m mirror, in Physics World, 15 July 2015. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  9. ^ Worlds Beyond: A Strategy for the Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets Report of the ExoPlanet Task Force: with ERRATUM Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee (PDF), su arxiv.org, Washington, D.C. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  10. ^ Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph (TPF-C) Flight Baseline Concept, su arxiv.org.
  11. ^ a b c An Astronomer Devoted to the Icy and Far Away, in The New York Times, September 1, 2008. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  12. ^ a b c Heidi Hammel to be awarded DPS Sagan Medal, su spaceref.com, September 30, 2002. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  13. ^ Hubble Spots Northern Hemispheric Clouds on Uranus, in NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, August 2, 1998. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  14. ^ a b No Longer Boring: 'Fireworks' and Other Surprises at Uranus Spotted Through Adaptive Optics, in The Planetary Society, November 11, 2004. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  15. ^ Martin J Booth, Adaptive optics in microscopy (PDF), in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 365, n. 1861, 15 December 2007, pp. 2829–2843, DOI:10.1098/rsta.2007.0013. URL consultato il 30 November 2012.
  16. ^ Transcript of the PASSPORT TO KNOWLEDGE program "LIVE FROM THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE" #101, "THE GREAT PLANET DEBATE" first aired November 9, 1995, over public television and NASA-TV, in NASA-TV, November 9, 1995. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  17. ^ Keck, Hubble provide new view of Uranus' rings, in UC Berkeley News, 23 August 2007. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  18. ^ Hubble Imagery Confirms New Dark Spot on Neptune, in NASA TV, June 23, 2016. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  19. ^ a b Heidi Hammel Vice President of the Board of Directors, su planetary.org. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  20. ^ Jupiter Takes Huge Blow From Comet : Space: Explosion is described as having hundreds of times the combined energy of all nuclear weapons on Earth. Fireball briefly outshines the planet itself, in The Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1994. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  21. ^ David Hochman, The Key to Fulfillment, su oprah.com.
  22. ^ Hubble captures rare Jupiter collision, in Hubble Space Telescope, 24 July 2009. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  23. ^ Hubble captures rare Jupiter collision, in European Space Agency, 24 July 2009. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  24. ^ Hubble Memorable Moments, su svs.gsfc.nasa.gov, April 14, 2016. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  25. ^ a b Fred Bortz, Beyond Jupiter: The Story Of Planetary Astronomer Heidi Hammel, Washington, DC, Joseph Henry Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-309-09552-5.
  26. ^ H. B. Hammel, Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Neptune's Cloud Structure in 1994, in Science, vol. 268, n. 5218, 1995, pp. 1740–1742, DOI:10.1126/science.268.5218.1740.
  27. ^ a b c Uranus photos reveal planet in flux, in Discovery News, 12 November 2004. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  28. ^ a b Keck Telescope images of Uranus reveal ring, atmospheric fireworks, in UC Berkeley News, 10 November 2004. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  29. ^ a b Uranus: Whacky weather, odd rings, in Astronomy, November 10, 2004. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  30. ^ Uranus photos reveal planet in flux, in ABC Science, 12 November 2004. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  31. ^ New Dust Belts of Uranus: One Ring, Two Ring, Red Ring, Blue Ring, in Science, vol. 312, n. 5770, 7 April 2006, pp. 92–94, DOI:10.1126/science.1125110. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  32. ^ Astronomers Thrilled by Extreme Storms on Uranus, in W. M. Keck Observatory News, November 12, 2014. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  33. ^ Harold C. Urey Prize in Planetary Science, su dps.aas.org. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  34. ^ Three U.S. Scientists Will Be Honored at Exploratorium Dinner, in SFGate, May 19, 1998. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  35. ^ Eight MIT faculty and staff named Fellows of AAAS, in MIT News, December 8, 1999. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  36. ^ Past Recipients of the Klumpke-Roberts Award, su astrosociety.org. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  37. ^ The 50 Most Important Women in Science, Discover, 1º November 2002. URL consultato il 21 December 2014.
  38. ^ WOMEN IN SPACE SCIENCE AWARD LUNCHEON AND STUDENT PROGRAM, su adlerplanetarium.org. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.
  39. ^ From the City to the Stars: Star-gazing with the Webb Telescope, su worldsciencefestival.com, June 4, 2010. URL consultato il 10 November 2018.
  40. ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Subcommitte
  41. ^ http://www.aura-astronomy.org/about/mar/1010.pdf[collegamento interrotto]
  42. ^ American Women of Science Since 1900, Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 482. URL consultato l'11 November 2018.

External links[modifica | modifica wikitesto]