Utente:Puxanto/Sandbox/rex (antica Roma)

Rex (che tradotto dal latino significa re) secondo la tradizione è una figura nata con la fondazione di Roma a capo di questa appunto il primo rex fu Romolo (secondo alcune fonti insieme a Tito Tazio). Questa figura, sempre secondo tradizione, sarebbe stata presente dal 753 a.C.(anno della fondazione della città)al 510 a.C. (anno della cacciata degli etruschi da Roma).Il periodo in questione è detto appunto monarchico. Il rex in questo periodo è il capo della comunità romana. La leggenda ricorda sette re di Roma:

• Romolo, il fondatore di Roma;
• Numa Pompilio;
• Tullo Ostilio;
• Anco Marzio;
• Tarquinio Prisco;
• Servio Tullio;
• Tarquinio il Superbo.

Come si diventava rex

La designazione del nuovo rex avveniva:

• per designazione da parte del predecessore;
• per vocazione del primogenito del rex defunto;
• per elezione da parte del Senato e della curia tramite la lex curiata de imperio (allorquando mancasse un discendente del rex defunto o un successore da quest'ultimo designato):il futuro rex presentava la sua nomina davanti all'assemblea e questa decideva tramite applauso se accettarlo e conferirgli il potere del capo supremo della comunità.

Poteri del rex

Nello svolgimento delle sue attività era assistito dal Senato, dai sacerdoti e i pontefici (soprattutto per questioni sacre-religiose) e in certi frangenti dalla curia (secondo fonti alcune volte il re concedeva potere decisionale nei processi:quando era indeciso sulla risoluzione del caso). Il rex era l'organo sovrano e riuniva in se le funzioni più importanti della città; era, infatti:

• capo dell'esercito:prendeva le decisione in campo militare, era lui che decideva se bisognava andare in guerra oppure no.
• supremo sacerdote:il suo compito principale era garantire la così detta pax deorum tra gli uomini e gli dei spesso attraverso lo strumento degli Auspici
• rappresentante della città nei rapporti internazionali: non solo era rappresentante della città nelle relazioni con i popoli vicini ma spesso emanava dei patti internazionali: i foedera
• legislatore: aveva potere di emanare precetti validi per l'intera comunità le leges regiae(anche con l'ausilio del pontefice):i cui ambiti erano strettamente pubblico, militare, internazionale, criminale, processuale e qualche volta si affacciava in ambito privato. un altro compito del rex era anche la rivelazione dei mores insieme al pontefice
• sommo giudice: aveva potere decisionale in controversie che però riguardavano solo specifici ambiti. A tal proposito interveniva attivamente per dare pene solo per delitti di tradimento, militari, perduellio (sovversione interna), omicidi con attivo concorso di stretti parenti (i figli per esempio) dell'ucciso. Era anche giudice in alcune legis actio:legis actio sacramentum in rem (non si sa se anche quelli in personam) e la manus iniectio.

Spesso il rex non svolgeva questi compiti in prima persona ma li affidava a altri, questi erano gli ausiliari del rex e erano:

• duoviri perdullionis
• tribunus militum
• tribuni celerum
• magister populi
• magister equitum

Evoluzione della figura del rex

Il periodo monarchico va diviso essenzialmente in due periodi mentre abbiamo derivato del rex nell'età repubblicana:

• la monarchia latino-sabina, rappresentata dai primi quattro re, fu ossequiosa delle attribuzioni del Senato e delle assemblee popolari, vengono create molti sacerdozi e forti alleanze internazionali con i popoli vicini.In questo primo periodo il rex non aveva grossi poteri certo istituzionalmente deteneva i poteri massimi ma il potere vero è proprio era detenuto dalle familiae e dalle gentes ma soprattutto ancora dal collegio sacerdotale poichè era guidata ancora dai mores desunti dalle rivelazione di questi e in minor parte forse anche dagli Auspici del rex, man mano però il potere del rex comincia a intensificarsi anche se non interviene molto sull'ambito privato ma soprattuttto su quello pubblico e internazionale.
• la monarchia etrusca, rappresentata dalla dinastia dei Tarquinii, impresse una forte svolta assolutistica, superando la precedente concezione che considerava il rex come primus inter pares (almeno rispetto ai patrizi).In questo secondo periodo il potere del rex risulta sempre più rafforzato anche se non interviene comunque in ambito privato notiamo delle notevoli riforme esempi il censo istituito da Servio Tullio fino a sfociare nell'ultimo periodo in una quasi monarchia assoluta e alla successiva cacciata dei Tarquini.
• Di li a poco inizierà il periodo repubblicano è il titolo di rex, non formalmente abolito, fu attribuito al supremo sacerdote dei culti romani (vedi rex sacrorum), assumendo una valenza non più politica, ma esclusivamente religiosa.

Fonti

• Gennaro Franciosi, Leges regiae, a cura di Gennaro Franciosi ricerca collettiva di Lucia Monaco, Anna Bottiglieri, Annamaria Manzo, Osvaldo Sacchi, Luciano Minieri, Giuseppina Maria Oliviero, Adelaide Russo, Vito Carella, Ammalia Franciosi, Aniello Buono, Torino, Javini Editore, 2003, pp. XIX - 224, ISBN 88-243-1467-8.

Bibliografia

• Giovanni Pugliese, Istituzioni di diritto romano, con la collaborazione di Francesco Sitzia e Letizia Vacca, Torino, G.Giappichelli Editore, pp. 1013, ISBN.
• Giovanni Pugliese, Istituzioni di diritto romano — sintesi, con la collaborazione di Francesco Sitzia e Letizia Vacca, Torino, G.Giappichelli Editore, pp. VIII - 567, ISBN.
• Riccardo Orestano, I fatti di normazione nell'esperienza romana arcaica, Torino, 1967, pp. 280 p, ISBN.

• Giuseppe Valditara, Studi sul magister populi : dagli ausiliari militari del rex ai primi magistrati repubblicani, II, Milano, Giuffrè, 1989, XII, 435 p, ISBN.
• Mario Amelotti, Lineamenti di storia del diritto romano, sotto la direzione di Mario Talamanca, Giuffré, 1989, pp. VIII - 762, ISBN 88-14-01823-5.

Voci correlate

• Rex sacrorum
• Sette re di Roma
• Lex regia
• Fondazione di Roma
• Ius Quiritium

[[Categoria: Diritto romano]]

Versione in inglese

The King of Rome (in latino rex, regis) was the chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. The kings, excluding Romulus who held office by his virtue as the city's founder, were all elected by the people of Rome to serve for life, with none of the kings relying on military force to gain the throne. Though no reference is made to the hereditary principle in the election of the first four kings, beginning with the fifth king Tarquinius Priscus, the royal inheritance flowed through the royal females of the deceased king. Consequently, the ancient historians state that the king was chosen on account of his virtues and not his descent.

Overview

Early Rome was not self-governing, and was ruled by the king (Rex) from the nearby state of Etrusca. The king possessed absolute power over the people. The Senate was a weak oligarchy, capable of exercising only minor administrative powers, so that Rome was ruled by an Etruscan absolute monarchy. While Rome herself had a Senate, its main function was to carry out and administer the wishes of the King. [1]

The insignia of the king was twelve lictors wielding the fasces, a throne of a Curule chair, the purple Toga Picta, red shoes, and a white diadem around the head. Only the king could wear a purple toga.

The supreme power of the state was vested in the Rex, whose position made him the:

• (1) Head of Government - served as the chief executive with the power to enforce the laws, managed all state owned property, disposed of conquered territory, and oversaw all public works.
• (2) Commander in Chief - commander of the Roman military with the sole power to levy and organized the legions, to appoint military leaders, and to conduct war
• (3) Head of State - served as the chief representative of Rome in its relations with foreign powers and received all foreign ambassadors.
• (4) Chief Priest - served as official representative of Rome and her people before the Roman gods with the power of general administrative control over the Roman religion.
• (5) Chief Legislator - formulated and proposed legislative proposals as he deemed necessary.
• (6) Chief Judge - adjudicated all civil and criminal cases.

Chief Priest

What is known for certain is that the king alone possessed the right to the auspice on behalf of Rome as its chief augur, and no public business could be performed without the will of the gods made known through auspices. The people knew the king as a mediator between them and the gods and thus viewed the king with religious awe. This made the king the head of the national religion and its chief executive. Having the power to control the Roman calendar, he conducted all religious ceremonies and appointed lower religious offices and officers. It was Romulus who instituted the augurs and was who believed to have been the best augur of all. Likewise, King Numa Pompilius instituted the pontiffs and through them developed the foundations of the religious dogma of Rome.

Chief Executive

Beyond his religious authority, the king was invested with the supreme military, executive, and judicial authority through the use of imperium. The imperium of the king was held for life and protected him from ever being brought to trial for his actions. As being the sole owner of imperium in Rome at the time, the king possessed ultimate executive power and unchecked military authority as the commander-in-chief of all Rome's legions. His executive power and his sole imperium allowed him to issue decrees with the force of law. Also, the laws that kept citizens safe from the misuse of magistrates owning imperium did not exist during the times of the king.

Another power of the king was the power to either appoint or nominate all officials to offices. The king would appoint a tribunus celerum to serve as both the tribune of Ramnes tribe in Rome but also as the commander of the king's personal bodyguard, the Celeres. The king was required to appoint the tribune upon entering office and the tribune left office upon the king's death. The tribune was second in rank to the king and also possessed the power to convene the Curiate Assembly and lay legislation before it.

Another officer appointed by the king was the praefectus urbi, which acted as the warden of the city. When the king was absent from the city, the prefect held all of the king's powers and abilities, even to the point of being bestowed with imperium while inside the city. The king even received the right to be the sole person to appoint patricians to the Senate.

Chief Judge

The king's imperium granted him both military powers as well as qualified him to pronounce legal judgment in all cases as the chief justice of Rome. Though he could assign pontiffs to act as minor judges in some cases, he had supreme authority in all cases brought before him, both civil and criminal. This made the king supreme in times of both war and peace. While some writers believed there was no appeal from the king's decisions, others believed that a proposal for appeal could be brought before the king by any patrician during a meeting of the Curiate Assembly.

To assist the king, A council advised the king during all trials, but this council had no power to control the king's decisions. Also, two criminal detectives (Quaestores Parridici) were appointed by him as well as a two man criminal court (Duumviri Perduellionis) which oversaw for cases of treason.

Chief Legislator

Under the kings, the Senate and Curiate Assembly had very little power and authority; they were not independent bodies in that they possessed the right to meet together and discuss questions of state. They could only be called together by the king and could only discuss the matters the king laid before them. While the Curiate Assembly did have the power to pass laws that had been submitted by the king, the Senate was effectively an honorable council. It could advise the king on his action but by no means could prevent him from acting. The only thing that the king could not do without the approval of the Senate and Curiate Assembly was to declare war against a foreign nation. These issues effectively allowed the King to more or less rule by decree with the exception of the above mentioned affairs.

Election of the kings

Whenever a king died, Rome entered a period of interregnum. Supreme power of the state would devolve to the Senate, who was responsible for finding a new king. The Senate would assemble and appoint one of its own members the interrex to serve for a period of five days with the sole purpose of nominating the next king of Rome. After the five day period, the interrex would appoint (with the Senate's consent) another Senator for another five day term. This process would continue until a new king was elected. Once the interrex found a suitable nominee to the kingship, he would bring the nominee before the Senate and the Senate would review him. If the Senate passed the nominee, the interrex would convene the Curiate Assembly and presided as its president during the election of the King.

Once proposed to the Curiate Assembly, the people of Rome could either accept or reject him. If accepted, the king-elect did not immediately enter office. Two other acts had still to take place before he was invested with the full regal authority and power. First it was necessary to obtain the divine will of the gods respecting his appointment by means of the auspices, since the king would serve as high priest of Rome. This ceremony was performed by an augur, who conducted the king-elect to the citadel where he was placed on a stone seat as the people waited below. If found worthy of the kingship, the augur announced that the gods had given favorable tokens, thus confirming the king’s priestly character.

The second act which had to be performed was the conferring of the imperium upon the King. The Curiate Assembly’s previous vote only determined who was to be king, and had not by that act bestowed the necessary power of the king upon him. Accordingly, the king himself proposed to the Curiate Assembly a law granting him imperium, and the Curiate Assembly by voting in favor of the law would grant it.

In theory, the people of Rome elected their leader, but the Senate had most of the control over the process.