Gruppo basaltico del Columbia: differenze tra le versioni

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==Note==
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==Riferimenti==
<!-- The bracketed strings are from the named refs, which are being replaced. -->
{{refbegin}}
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*{{Citation
|first = David |last = Alt
|year = 2001
|title = Glacial Lake Missoula & its Humongous Floods
|publisher = Mountain Press Publishing Company
|isbn = 978-0-87842-415-3
}}

*{{Citation
|last1 = Alt |first1 = David
|last2 = Hyndman |first2 = Donald
|title = Northwest Exposures: a Geologic Story of the Northwest
|publisher = Mountain Press Publishing Company
|year = 1995
|isbn = 978-0-87842-323-1
}} <small>Not [[WP:RS]].</small>

*{{Citation
|first1 = Tim |last1 = Appenzeller
|title = A Conundrum at Steens Mountain
|journal = Science
|volume = 255 |issue = 5040 |pages = 31–51
|date = 3 January 1992
|pmid = 17739912
|doi = 10.1126/science.255.5040.31
}}

*{{Citation
|ref = CITEREFBarryothers2010
|first1 = T. L. |last1 = Barry
|first2 = S. |last2 = Self
|first3 = S. P. |last3 = Kelley
|first4 = S. |last4 = Reidel
|first5 = P. |last5 = Hooper
|first6 = M. |last6 = Widdowson
|title = New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Grande Ronde lavas, Columbia River Basalts, USA: Implications for duration of flood basalt eruption episodes
|journal = [[Lithos (journal)|Lithos]]
|volume = 118 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 213–222
|year = 2010
|doi = 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.03.014
|bibcode = 2010Litho.118..213B }}

*{{Citation
|first1 = Ellen Morris |last1 = Bishop
|title = In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History
|publisher = Timber Press
|location = Portland, Oregon
|year = 2003
|isbn = 978-0-88192-789-4
}}

*{{Citation
|first1 = Bruce |last1 = Bjornstad
|title = On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Guide to the Mid-Columbia Basin
|publisher = Keokee Books
|location = Sand Point, Idaho
|year = 2006
|isbn = 978-1-879628-27-4
}}

*{{Citation
|ref = CITEREFBryanothers2010
|first1 = S. E. |last1 = Bryan
|first2 = I. U. |last2 = Peate
|first3 = D. W. |last3 = Peate
|first4 = S. |last4 = Self
|first5 = D. A. |last5 = Jerram
|first6 = M. R. |last6 = Mawby
|first7 = J. S. |last7 = Marsh
|first8 = J. A. |last8 = Miller
|title = The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth
|journal = Earth-Science Reviews
|date = 21 July 2010
|volume = 102 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 207–229
|doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
|bibcode = 2010ESRv..102..207B }}

*{{Citation
|first1 = Victor E. |last1 = Camp
|first2 = Martin E. |last2 = Ross
|year = 2004
|title = Mantle dynamics and genesis of mafic magmatism in the intermontane Pacific Northwest
|journal = Journal of Geophysical Research
|volume = 109 |issue = B08204 |pages =
|doi = 10.1029/2003JB002838
|url = http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/VicCampCRBMag.pdf
|bibcode = 2004JGRB..10908204C }}

*{{Citation
|first1 = V. E. |last1 = Camp
|first2 = M. E. |last2 = Ross
|first3 = W. E. |last3 = Hanson
|date = January 2003
|title = Genesis of flood basalts and Basin and Range volcanic rocks from Steens Mountain to the Malheur River Gorge, Oregon
|journal = GSA Bulletin
|volume = 115 |issue = 1 |pages = 105–128
|issn = 0016-7606
|doi = 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0105:GOFBAB>2.0.CO;2
|url = http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Campetal2003.pdf
|bibcode = 2003GSAB..115..105C
}}

*{{Citation
|first1 = Robert J. |last1 = Carson
|first2 = Kevin R. |last2 = Pogue
|authorlink2=Kevin Pogue
|title = Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington
|publisher = Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 90)
|year = 1996
}}—Incomplete--

*{{cite book|last=Carson|first=Robert J.|author2=Michael E. Denny |author3=Catherine E. Dickson |author4=Lawrence L. Dodd |author5=G. Thomas Edwards |title=Where the Great River Bends:A natural and human history of the Columbia at Wallula|publisher=Keokee Books|location=Sandpoint, Id.|year=2008|isbn= 978-1-879628-32-8}}
*{{Citation
|first1 = Anita M. |last1 = Ho
|first2 = Katharine V. |last2 = Cashman
|title = Temperature constraints on the Ginkgo flow of the Columbia River Basalt Group
|journal = Geology
|year = 1997
|volume = 25 |issue = 5|pages = 403–406
|doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0403:TCOTGF>2.3.CO;2
}}

*{{Citation
|first1 = Eugene |last1 = Humphreys
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|journal = Physics Today
|volume = 64 |issue = 8 |pages = 34
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*{{Citation
|first1 = Nicholas A. |last1 = Jarboe
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Coe
|first3 = Jonathan M.G. |last3 = Glen
|title = Evidence from lava flows for complex polarity transitions: the new composite Steens Mountain reversal record
|journal = Geophysical Journal International
|volume = 186 |issue = 2 |pages = 580–602
|year = 2011
|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05086.x
|bibcode = 2011GeoJI.186..580J }}

*{{Citation
|ref = CITEREFJarboeothers2008
|first1 = N. A. |last1 = Jarboe
|first2 = R. S. |last2 = Coe
|first3 = P. R. |last3 = Renne
|first4 = J. M. G. |last4 = Glen
|first5 = E. A. |last5 = Mankinen
|year = 2008
|title = Quickly erupted volcanic sections of the Steens Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group: Secular variation, tectonic rotation, and the Steens Mountain reversal
|journal = Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
|volume = 9 |issue = Q11010 |pages =n/a
|doi = 10.1029/2008GC002067
|bibcode = 2008GGG.....911010J }}

*{{Citation
|first1 = Marge |last1 = Mueller
|first2 = Ted |last2 = Mueller
|year = 1997
|title = Fire, Faults & Floods: A Road & Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin
|publisher = [[University of Idaho Press]]
|location = Moscow, Idaho
|isbn = 978-0-89301-206-9
}}

*{{Citation
|first1 = S. P. |last1= Reidel
|first2 = T. L. |last2 = Tolan
|first3 = M. H. |last3 = Beeson
|editor-first1 = D. A. |editor-last1 = Swanson
|editor-first2 = R. A. |editor-last2 = Haugerud
|title = Factors that influenced the eruptive and emplacement histories of flood basalt flows: A field guide to selected vents and flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group
|journal = Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest: Seattle, Washington, University of Washington
|volume = V |issue = |pages = 1–18
|year = 1994
|doi =
}}

*{{Citation
|last1= Reidel |first1 = Stephen P.
|title = A Lava Flow without a Source: The Cohasset Flow and Its Compositional Members
|journal = Journal of Geology
|volume = 113 |issue = 1|pages = 1&ndash;21
|date=January 2005
|bibcode = 2005JG....113....1R |doi = 10.1086/425966 }}
{{div col end}}
{{refend}}



{{Grandi province ignee}}
{{Grandi province ignee}}

Versione delle 11:31, 25 mag 2019

Il gruppo basaltico del Columbia si estende su cinque stati degli Stati Uniti d'America occidentali.

Il gruppo basaltico del Columbia, o gruppo basaltico del fiume Columbia, è una grande provincia ignea che si estende su gran parte degli Stati Uniti d'America occidentali, soprattutto Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada e California. Il gruppo include anche le formazioni basaltiche Steen e Picture Gorge.

Introduzione

Nel Miocene medio e superiore, le colate basaltiche del fiume Columbia sommersero circa 163.700 km2 del Nord-ovest Pacifico dando luogo a una grande provincia ignea con un volume stimato di 174.300 km3. La massima intensità delle eruzioni si ebbe tra 17 e 14 milioni di anni fa, quando fuoruscì quasi il 99 percento del basalto. Le eruzioni continuarono poi in modo meno intenso tra 14 e 6 milioni di anni fa.[1]

Le erosioni provocate dalle ripetute e devastanti inondazioni del lago glaciale Missoula, hanno esposto queste colate laviche facendo affiorare molti strati dei flussi basaltici al Wallula Gap, nella parte inferiore del corso del Palouse, nella gola del Columbia e nella zona delle Channeled Scablands.

Si ritiene che il gruppo basaltico del Columbia sia potenzialmente collegato al gruppo di Chilcotin, situato nella parte centro-meridionale della Columbia Britannica, in Canada.[2] I sedimenti della formazione Latah negli stati di Washington e Idaho, sono interconnessi con molti strati delle colate basaltiche del gruppo del Columbia e affiorano in vari punti della regione.

La datazione assoluta, soggetta a incertezza statistica, è determinata attraverso la datazione radiometrica utilizzando i rapporti isotopici tra 40Ar/39Ar della datazione al potassio-argo, che può essere utilizzata per identificare l'epoca di solidificazione del basalto. Nei depositi basaltici del gruppo del Columbia l' 40Ar, prodotto dal decadimento del 40K, si accumula solo dopo la solidificazione del fuso.[3]

Altri importanti flussi basaltici del pianeta si incontrano nei Trappi del Deccan, in India, risalenti al Cretaceo e estesi su 500.000 km2 e nel Trappo siberiano, risalente al Permiano superiore, che si estende su 2 milioni di km2 in Russia.

Note

  1. ^ Carson e Pogue, p.2; Reidel.
  2. ^ Igneous rock associations in Canada 3. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in Canada and adjacent regions: 3
  3. ^ Barry e others

Riferimenti

  • David Alt, Glacial Lake Missoula & its Humongous Floods, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2001.
  • Northwest Exposures: a Geologic Story of the Northwest, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1995. Not WP:RS.
  • In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History, Timber Press, 2003.
  • On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Guide to the Mid-Columbia Basin, Keokee Books, 2006.
  • Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington, Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 90), 1996.—Incomplete--
  • Fire, Faults & Floods: A Road & Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin, University of Idaho Press, 1997.
  • Factors that influenced the eruptive and emplacement histories of flood basalt flows: A field guide to selected vents and flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group, in Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest: Seattle, Washington, University of Washington, V, 1994, pp. 1–18.


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