Migrazione indoariana: differenze tra le versioni
+bibliografia |
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Riga 19: | Riga 19: | ||
===Possibili riferimenti a movimenti migratori nei Rigveda=== |
===Possibili riferimenti a movimenti migratori nei Rigveda=== |
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I Rigveda non fanno riferimenti espliciti a patrie ancestrali esterne o a migrazioni . Nei testi sacri di epoche successive si nota uno spostamento verso altre aree geografiche , mentre i Rigveda infatti sembrano riflettere un' ambientazione nel nord del subcontinente indiano , i testi successivi sono più incentrati sulla regione del Gange e l'Haryana . Cio potrebbe indicare una tendenza alla migrazione da nord verso est delle tribù ariane (dal [[Punjab]] alla piana del [[Gange]]). |
I Rigveda non fanno riferimenti espliciti a patrie ancestrali esterne o a migrazioni . Nei testi sacri di epoche successive si nota uno spostamento verso altre aree geografiche , mentre i Rigveda infatti sembrano riflettere un' ambientazione nel nord del subcontinente indiano , i testi successivi sono più incentrati sulla regione del [[Gange]] e l'Haryana . Cio potrebbe indicare una tendenza alla migrazione da nord verso est delle tribù ariane (dal [[Punjab]] alla piana del [[Gange]]). |
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==Linguistica== |
==Linguistica== |
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==Archeologia== |
==Archeologia== |
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==Genetica== |
==Genetica== |
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==Bibliografia== |
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* {{Citation | last =[[F. Raymond Allchin|Allchin, F. Raymond]] | author-link = | year =1995 | title =The Archaeology of Early History South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =}}. |
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* {{Citation | editor-surname=Bronkhorst | editor-first=J. | editor2-last=Deshpande | editor2-first=M.M. | title=Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation, and Ideology | publisher=Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University | publication-date=1999 | isbn=1888789042 | author=edited by Johannes Bronkhorst & Madhav M. Deshpande. | year=1999 }} |
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* {{Citation | last =Bryant | first =Edwin | author-link =Edwin Bryant (author) | year =2001 | title =[[The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture]]: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =0195137779}}. |
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* {{Citation | year=2005 | editor-last=Bryant | editor-first=Edwin F. | editor-link=Edwin Bryant (author) | editor2-last=Patton | editor2-first=Laurie L. | editor2-link= | title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history | publication-place=London | publisher=Routledge | isbn=0-7007-1463-4}}. |
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* {{Citation | last =Cavalli-Sforza | first =Luigi Luca | year =2000 | title =Genes, Peoples, and Languages | edition = | place =New York | publisher =North Point Press | isbn =}}. |
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*[[D. K. Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti, D.K.]] The Early use of Iron In India. Dilip K. Chakrabarti.1992. New Delhi: The Oxford University Press. |
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*Chakrabarti, D.K. 1977b. India and West Asia: An Alternative Approach. Man and Environment 1:25-38. |
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* Dhavalikar, M. K. 1995, "Fire Altars or Fire Pits?", in ''Sri Nagabhinandanam'', Ed V Shivananda and M. K. Visweswara, Bangalore. |
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* {{Citation | last=Diakonoff | first=Igor M. | author-link=Igor Diakonov | year=1995 | title=Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins | periodical=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=115 |issue=3 | pages=473–477 | doi=10.2307/606224 | publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 115, No. 3 | last2=Kuz'mina | first2=E. E. | last3=Ivantchik | first3=Askold I. | jstor=606224}}. |
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* {{Citation | publication-date=1995 | editor-last=Erdosy | editor-first=George | title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity | publication-place=Berlin/New York | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | isbn=3110144476 | year=1995}}. |
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* {{Citation | last =Fortson | first =Benjamin W. IV | year =2004 | title =Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction | place =Oxford | publisher =Blackwell | isbn =1405103167}}. |
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* {{Citation| surname=Hock | given=Hans | title=Principles of Historical Linguistics | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | year=1991}} |
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* {{Citation | last=Holloway| first=Ralph L.| title=Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?| journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=99|issue=23 |pages=14622–14623| doi=10.1073/pnas.242622399| year=2002 | month=November| pmid=12419854 | pmc=137467 | postscript=.|bibcode = 2002PNAS...9914622H }} |
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* {{Citation | last=Jamison | first=Stephanie W. | title=Review of {{Harvcoltxt|Bryant|Patton|2005}} | journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=34 | year=2006 | url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf}}. |
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*{{Citation |
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| first = T. |
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| coauthors = S. Rootsi, M. Metspalu, S. Mastana, K. Kaldma, J. Parik, E. Metspalu, M. Adojaan, H.-V. Tolk, V. Stepanov, M. Gölge, E. Usanga, S. S. Papiha, C. Cinnioglu, R. King, L. Cavalli-Sforza, P. A. Underhill, and R. Villems |
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| month = February |
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| year = 2003 |
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| title = The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations |
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| journal = [[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |
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| volume = 72 |
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| issue = 2 |
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| pages = 313–332 |
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| pmid = 12536373 |
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| doi = 10.1086/346068 |
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| pmc = 379225 |
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| postscript = . |
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}}. |
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*{{Citation | author=Kochhar, Rajesh | title=The Vedic People: Their History and Geography | publisher=Sangam Books | year=2000 }} |
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* {{Citation | last =Kuz'mina | first =E. E. | year =1994 | title =Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans) | place =Moscow | publisher =Российская академия наук ([[Russian Academy of Sciences]])}}. |
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*[[B. B. Lal|Lal, B.B.]], (1984) Frontiers of the Indus Civilization.1984. |
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*Lal, B.B., (1998) New Light on the Indus Civilization, Aryan Books, Delhi 1998 |
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* Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International. |
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*Lal, B.B. 2002. The Saraswati Flows on: the Continuity of Indian Culture. New Delhi: Aryan Books International |
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* {{Citation | last =Mallory | first =J.P. | author-link =J.P. Mallory | year =1989 | title =In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth | place =London | publisher =Thames & Hudson | isbn =0500276161}}. |
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*[[F. E. Pargiter|Pargiter, F.E.]] [1922] 1979. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. New Delhi: Cosmo. |
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* {{Citation | surname=Parpola | given=Asko | authorlink=Asko Parpola | year=1998 | chapter=Aryan Languages, Archaeological Cultures, and Sinkiang: Where Did Proto-Iranian Come into Being and How Did It Spread? | editor=Mair | title=The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia | publisher=Institute for the Study of Man | place=Washington, D.C. | isbn=0941694631}} |
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*[[S. R. Rao|S.R. Rao]]. The Aryans in Indus Civilization.1993 |
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| title =Reconstructing Indian population history |
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| journal =[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |
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| volume =461 |
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| pages =489–494 |
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| date =24 September 2009 |
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| doi =10.1038/nature08365 |
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* {{Citation | last = Sahoo | first = Sanghamitra | coauthors = et al. | year = 2006 | month = January | title = A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios | journal = PNAS | volume = 103 | issue = 4 | pages = 843–848 | url =http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/103/4/843 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507714103 | pmid = 16415161 | pmc = 1347984 | postscript = . | bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S}} |
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* {{Citation | last=Sapir | first=Edward | author-link= | year=1949 | publication-date=1985 | editor-last=Mandelbaum | editor-first=David G. | editor-link= | title=Selected Writings in Language, Culture, and Personality | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=0520011155}}. |
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* {{Citation | last=Wells | first=Spencer | author-link=Spencer Wells | year=2002 | title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=069111532X}}. |
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==Voci correlate== |
==Voci correlate== |
Versione delle 22:16, 1 mag 2012
La migrazione indoariana fu un'importante spostamento protostorico di popolazioni indoarie, parlanti cioè lingue indoariane , che dalle loro sedi originarie dell'Asia centrale penetrarono nel subcontinente indiano dal nord-ovest durante il II millennio a.C.. Questa migrazione è stata in parte ricostruita a partire da indizi linguistici, genetici e archeologici (che, in questo caso, non hanno rilevato una migrazione in larga scala ma solo dei piccoli movimenti di popolazioni che si diressero dal nord verso l'Asia meridionale).
L'indoario è un ramo della famiglia indoiranica che si sviluppò secondo gli studiosi[evasivo] durante l'Età del bronzo nel contesto della Cultura di Andronovo, in Asia centrale. La migrazione degli Indoari è comumente datata fra la media e la tarda Età del bronzo, in contemporanea con l'ultima fase della Civiltà di Harappa (1700-1300 a.C.).
Fonti antiche
Rigveda
I Rigveda sono in assoluto il più antico testo scritto in sanscrito. Bryant ha ipotizzato[chi e dove?] che i Rigveda riecheggino un'antica cultura nomade e pastorale centralizzata nel culto indoiranico del soma e del fuoco.
La società indoaria descritta nei Rigveda (Pastorale o urbana?)
Gli edifici fortificati (pùr) , generalmente costruiti con fango e legno , sono menzionati nei Rigveda. Pùr a volte fa riferimento alle fortificazioni dei nemici , ma potrebbe riferisi inoltre alle fortificazioni erette dagli stessi Ariani. Tuttavia nei Rigveda le tribù ariane sono più comunemente descritte come dimoranti nei vìś , termine che può essere tradotto come "insediamento , casa , abitazione" ma anche come "comunità , tribù , truppe" . Il dio Indra in particolare è descritto come distruttore di fortificazioni :
«satám asmanmáyinām / purām índro ví asiyat - Indra abbattè un centinaio di fortificazioni in pietra....(Rigveda 4.30.20ab)»
Questo ha fatto ipotizzare ad alcuni studiosi che la civilità degli Ariani , diversamente da quella delle popolazioni indigene dotate di edifici fortificati (pùr) , fosse originariamente di tipo non-urbano .
Comunque i Rigveda , secondo altre interpretrazioni , farebbero riferimento ad elementi di una civiltà urbana . Per esempio nella traduzione dei Rigveda di Griffith , il dio Indra è comparato al dio di una fortificazione (pūrpati) . Secondo Gupta :
«le antiche civilizzazioni avevano entrambe le componenti : il villaggio e la città e numericamente i villaggi erano molto più numerosi delle città [...] Se la letteratura vedica rifletteva primariamente la vita del villaggio e non quella urbana , ciò non dovrebbe soprenderci»
Possibili riferimenti a movimenti migratori nei Rigveda
I Rigveda non fanno riferimenti espliciti a patrie ancestrali esterne o a migrazioni . Nei testi sacri di epoche successive si nota uno spostamento verso altre aree geografiche , mentre i Rigveda infatti sembrano riflettere un' ambientazione nel nord del subcontinente indiano , i testi successivi sono più incentrati sulla regione del Gange e l'Haryana . Cio potrebbe indicare una tendenza alla migrazione da nord verso est delle tribù ariane (dal Punjab alla piana del Gange).
Linguistica
Archeologia
Genetica
Bibliografia
- Allchin, F. Raymond, The Archaeology of Early History South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States, Cambridge University Press, 1995..
- David Anthony, Birth of the Chariot, vol. 48, n. 2, 1995, pp. 36–41..
- Michael Bamshad, et al., Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations, in Genome Res., vol. 11, n. 6, 2001, pp. 994–1004, DOI:10.1101/gr.GR-1733RR.
- Archaeology and Language, I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations, Routledge, 1997..
- edited by Johannes Bronkhorst & Madhav M. Deshpande., Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation, and Ideology, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, 1999.
- Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, 2001..
- The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge, 2005..
- Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples, and Languages, North Point Press, 2000..
- Chakrabarti, D.K. The Early use of Iron In India. Dilip K. Chakrabarti.1992. New Delhi: The Oxford University Press.
- Chakrabarti, D.K. 1977b. India and West Asia: An Alternative Approach. Man and Environment 1:25-38.
- Chaubey, Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India, vol. 29, n. 1, 2007, pp. 91–100, DOI:10.1002/bies.20525..
- Dhavalikar, M. K. 1995, "Fire Altars or Fire Pits?", in Sri Nagabhinandanam, Ed V Shivananda and M. K. Visweswara, Bangalore.
- Igor M. Diakonoff, Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins, vol. 115, n. 3, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 115, No. 3, 1995, pp. 473–477, DOI:10.2307/606224..
- Koenraad Elst, Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate, Aditya Prakashan, 1999..
- The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter, 1995..
- Benjamin W. IV Fortson, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Blackwell, 2004..
- Principles of Historical Linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 1991.
- Ralph L. Holloway, Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?, in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 99, n. 23, November 2002, pp. 14622–14623, DOI:10.1073/pnas.242622399.
- Stephanie W. Jamison, Review of [[:Template:Harvcoltxt]] (PDF), in Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 34, 2006. Wikilink compreso nell'URL del titolo (aiuto).
- T. Kivisild, S. Rootsi, M. Metspalu, S. Mastana, K. Kaldma, J. Parik, E. Metspalu, M. Adojaan, H.-V. Tolk, V. Stepanov, M. Gölge, E. Usanga, S. S. Papiha, C. Cinnioglu, R. King, L. Cavalli-Sforza, P. A. Underhill, and R. Villems, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, in American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 72, n. 2, February 2003, pp. 313–332, DOI:10.1086/346068..
- Kochhar, Rajesh, The Vedic People: Their History and Geography, Sangam Books, 2000.
- E. E. Kuz'mina, Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans), Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences), 1994..
- Lal, B.B., (1984) Frontiers of the Indus Civilization.1984.
- Lal, B.B., (1998) New Light on the Indus Civilization, Aryan Books, Delhi 1998
- Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International.
- Lal, B.B. 2002. The Saraswati Flows on: the Continuity of Indian Culture. New Delhi: Aryan Books International
- J.P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, Thames & Hudson, 1989..
- J. P. Mallory, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, Thames & Hudson, 2000..
- Pargiter, F.E. [1922] 1979. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. New Delhi: Cosmo.
- The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia, Institute for the Study of Man, 1998.
- Asko Parpola, Transactions of the 50th International Conference of Eastern Studies, The Tôhô Gakkai, 2005, pp. 28–66..
- S.R. Rao. The Aryans in Indus Civilization.1993
- David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, and Lalji Singh, Reconstructing Indian population history, in Nature, vol. 461, n. 7263, 24 September 2009, pp. 489–494, DOI:10.1038/nature08365. URL consultato il 2 ottobre 2009.
- Sanghamitra Sahoo, et al., A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios, in PNAS, vol. 103, n. 4, January 2006, pp. 843–848, DOI:10.1073/pnas.0507714103.
- Edward Sapir, Selected Writings in Language, Culture, and Personality, University of California Press, 1949..
- S. Sengupta, et al., Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists, in Am J Hum Genet., vol. 78, n. 2, The American Society of Human Genetics, 1º febbraio 2006, pp. 201–221, DOI:10.1086/499411. URL consultato il 3 dicembre 2007.
- S. Sharma, Saha A, Rai E, Bhat A, Bamezai R., Human mtDNA hypervariable regions, HVR I and II, hint at deep common maternal founder and subsequent maternal gene flow in Indian population groups, in J Hum Genet., vol. 50, n. 10, 2005, pp. 497–506, DOI:10.1007/s10038-005-0284-2.
- Shrikant G. Talageri, The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, Aditya Prakashan, 2000. URL consultato il May 2007..
- Shrikant G. Talageri, Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism, 1993..
- Thapar, Romila. 1966. A History of India: Volume 1 (Paperback). ISBN 0-14-013835-8
- Thomas Trautmann, The Aryan Debate, Oxford University Press, 2005..
- Sarah Grey Thomason, Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, University of California Press, 1988..
- Bertil Tikkanen, Archaeology and Language, IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation, Routledge, 1999, pp. 138–148..
- Spencer Wells, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, 2002..
- Michael Witzel, Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic) (PDF), vol. 5, n. 1, 1999..
- Michael Witzel, Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, Routledge, 2006, pp. 203–232..