Utente:Calabash/Sandbox

Durante e dopo la rivoluzione americana venne nominato ambasciatore in Spagna eFrancia, gettando le basi per una politica estera statunitense ed ottenendo delle cponedizioni favorevoli per la pace con l'Impero britannico (Il trattado di Jay) e la Francia. Sctisde nin collaborazione con Alexander Hamilton e James Madison i Federalist Paper.

John Jay (December 12, 1745Template:Ndash May 17,1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779 and, from 1789 to 1795, the first Chief Justice of the United States.

com leader del nuovo partito federalista, Jay venne eletto governatore di New York dal 1795 al 1801 e divenne il principale oppositore politico della schiavitù nello stato. Il primo e il secondo tentativo di approvare una legge sull'emancipazione, rispettivamente nel 1777 e nel 1785, fallirono, ma il terzo ebbe successo nel 1799. Lanuova legge ha permesso l'emancipazione di tutti gli schiavi di New York peima della sua morte.

Gli inizi

Nascita

Jay nacque il 12 dicembre 1745 in una ricca famiglia di mercanti di New York. Fu l'ottavo bambino ed il sesto figlio nella sua famiglia La famiglia di Jay era di origini francesi, con idee politiche ugonotte, e per la maggior parte risiedeva a New York. Nel 1685 l'editto di Nantes venne revocato, abolendo così i diritti dei protestanti e confiscando le loro proprietà. Il provvedimento spinse il nonno patesnmo di John Jay, August Jay, a trasferirsi con la famiglia a New York. Il figlio di August, Peter, sposò Mary Van Cortlandt, ed ebbe con lei dieci figli, ma solo sette di loro sopravvissero.(English) A Brief Biography of John Jay, in The Papers of John Jay, Columbia University, 2002. </ref> Dopo la nascita di john jay, la famiglia si trasferì a Manhattan, a Ray, in cerca di un ambiente più sano; due dei suoi fratelli vennero resi ciechi dall'epidemia del vaiolo del 1739 e soffrivano di handicap mentali.

Educazione

Jay passò la sua infanzia a Rye, e prese le stesse posizioni politiche del padre, il auale era un convinto Whig. John Jay venne educato da insegnanti privati fino ad otto anni, quando venne mandato a studiare dal pastore anglicano Pierre Stoupe. Nel 1756, tre anni dopo, volle ritornò a studiare a casa sotto la tutela di George Murray. Nel 1760 Jay continuò i suoi studi al King's College, fondato sedici anni prima e precursore della Columbia University. Quattro anni dopo si laureò e rivenne un praticante nello studio legale di Benjamin Kissam.

Ingresso nel lawyering e nella politica

Nel 1768, dopo essere stato ammesso al foro di New York, con Robert Libingston iniziò ad esercitare la professione finché non creò un prioprio ufficio legale nel 1771. Nel 1774 fu un membro del New York Commettee of Correspondence.

Il suo priimo ruolo pubblico fu come segretario del New York Commettee of Correspondence, dove rappresentò l'ala conservatrice che aveva come obiettivo la tutela dei diritti di proprietà e la presetrvazione dello stato di diritto, mentre contrastava le violazioni dei diritti americani da parte dei britannici. Temeva inoltere la prospettiva di una !!!legge mob!!!. Jay giudicava sbagliate le tasse imposte dall'impero britannico e sosteneva che era moralmente e legalmente giustificato opporsi ad esse, ma come delegato per primo congresso continentale del 1774 si schierò con coloro che cercavano una conciliazione con il parlamento. Eventi com l'incendio di Norfolk da parte dell'esercito britannico nel genanio 1776 spinsero Jay a supportare l'indipendenza. Con lo scoppio della guerra lavorò senza sosta per la causa rivoluzionaria e la soppressione dei lealisti. Così Jay divenne prima un moderato e poi un ardente patriota una volta compresa l'inutilità degli sforzi delle colonie per riconciliarsi con l'impero britannico e che gli sforzi per l'indipendenza sarebbero inevitabilmente sfociati nella rivoluzione americana.

Durante la rivoluzione americana

Con la reputazione di "ragionevole moderato" a New York, Jay venen eletto come delegato nel primo e nel secondo congessso continentale, nei quali si discuteva se le colonie sovessero o meno dichiarare la loro i ndipendenza. Cercò la conciliazione tra America ed impero britannico fino alla Dichiarazione di indipendenza. Le idee di John Jay divennero più radicali con l'evolversi degli eventi; divenne un convinto patriota e cercò di spingere New York verso l'indipendenza,

The Treaty of Paris, Jay stands farthest to the left.

Nel 1774, alla chiusura del congresso continentale, Jay ritornò a New York. Entrato nel Congresso dei sessanta, dove tentò di far rispettare un accordo di non-importazione approvato dal primo congresso continentale. Jay venne eletto al terzo New York Provincial Congress, dove elaborò la costituzione di New york del 1777; la sua carica come membro del confewsso gil impedì di votare o firmare la dichiarazine di indipendenza. Jay aiutò il comitato a trovare e neutralizzare cospirazioni, monitoranro le azioni britaniche. Il Provincial Congres elesse Jay come Chief Justice dela corte suprema di New York l'8 maggio 1777,, carixca che mantenne per due anni.

Jay fu presidente del Continental Congress dal 10 dicembre 1778 al 28 settembre 1779. Il continental congress si rivolse a John Jay, un avversario del precedente presidente Henry Laurens, solo tre giorni dopo Jay la sua nomina a delegato e lo elesse come Presidente; otto stati votarono per Jay e quattreo per Laurens.

Come diplomatico=

Il 27 settembre 1779, rassegnata la sua carica di presidente del congresso, venne nominato ambasciatore in Spagna, dove venne inviato con lo scopo di ottenere aiuti finanziari, contratti commerciali e il riconoscimento dell'indipendenza americana. La corte reale di spagna non lo ricevette ufficialmente come ambasciatore degli Stati Uniti e non riconobbe l'indipendenza americana fino al 1783, temendo che potesse diventare la scintilla della rivluzione nelle proprie colonie. Jay, comunque, riuscì a convincere al Spagna a concedere un prestito di 170.000 dollatri al governo degoli Stati Uniti. Partì dalla spagna il 20 maggio 1782.

Il 23 giugno dello stesso anno Jay raggiunse Parigi, dove si tennero i negoziati per la porre fine alla guerra di secessione americana. Benjamin Franklin era il diplomatico più esperto nel gruppo, e Jay desiderava stargli vicino in modo da imparare da lui. Gli Stati Uniti accettarono di negoziare con l'impero britannico separatamente, e poi con la Francia. Nel giugno 1782, il conte di Shelburne offrì l'indipendenza agli americani, ma Jay rifiutò sulla base del fatto che non riconobbe l'indipendenza durante i negoziati; il dissensodi Jay bloccò le trattative fino alla !!!caduta!!!. il trattato finale stabilì che gli Stati Uniti avevano diritto di pesca nel Nowfoundland (estendendo così il confine occidentale), mentre la gran bretagna avrebbe riconosciuto gli Stati Uniti come indipendendi e ritirato le proprie truppe iun cambio del dissequestro dei beni dei lealisti e il pagamento dei debiti privati Il trattato garantì l'indipendenza agli stati uniti, ma lasciò molte regini di confine in disputa, e molte delle sue condizioni non vennero rispettate.

Segretario degli affari esteri

Jay venne nominato secondo segretario degli affari esteri, incarico che ricoprì dal 1784 al 1789, quandio in settembre il congresso approvò una legge che dava ulteriori responsabilità nazionali al nuovo dipartimento e cambiò nome in dipartimento di Stato.

Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784-1789, when in September, Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State. Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22, 1790. Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy: to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks; to pay back America's creditors and to quickly pay off the country's heavy War-debt; to secure the infant nation's territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians, Spanish, the French and the English; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners; to protect American trading vessels against piracy; to preserve America's reputation at home and abroad; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation.

Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority, so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation. He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York, on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and ineffective a form of government. He contended that:

The Congress under the Articles of Confederation] may make war, but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace, but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances, but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce, but without power to [e]nforce them at home or abroad...—In short, they may consult, and deliberate, and recommend, and make requisitions, and they who please may regard them.

Federalist Papers 1788

Jay did not attend the Constitutional Convention but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful, centralized but balanced system of government. Writing under the shared pseudonym of "Publius," they articulated this vision in the Federalist Papers, a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade the citizenry to ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States. Jay wrote the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixty-fourth articles. All except the sixty-fourth concerned the "[d]angers from [f]oreign [f]orce and [i]nfluence".

The Jay Court

Template:Quote box In 1789, Jay was offered the new position of Secretary of State by George Washington; he declined. Washington nominated Jay as the first Chief Justice of the United States. Washington also nominated John Blair, William Cushing, James Wilson, James Iredell and John Rutledge as Associate Judges; Jay would later serve with Thomas Johnson, who took Rutledge's seat, and William Paterson, who took Johnson's seat. The court had little business through its first three years.

In Chisholm v. Georgia, the Jay Court had to answer the question: "Was the state of Georgia subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the federal government?" In a 4-1 ruling (Iredell dissented), the Jay Court ruled in favor of two South Carolinan Loyalists who had had their land seized by Georgia. This ruling sparked debate, as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists. The ruling was overturned by the Senate when the Eleventh Amendment was ratified, as it ruled that the judiciary could not rule on cases where a state was being sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country. The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in Georgia v. Brailsford, and the Court reversed its decision. However, Jay's original Chisholm decision established that states were subject to judicial review.

In Hayburn's Case, the Jay Court ruled that courts could not comply with a federal statute that required the courts to decide whether individual petitioning American Revolution veterans qualified for pensions. The Jay Court ruled that determining whether petitioners qualified was an "act ... not of a judicial nature". and that because the statute allowed the legislature and the executive branch to revise the courts ruling, the statute violated the separation of powers as dictated by the United States Constitution.

Jury nullification

In 1774, Supreme Court Justice John Jay instruction a civil jury, while riding circuit that "you have ...a right to take upon yourselves to ...determine the law as well as the fact in controversy." Jay noted for the jury the "good old rule, that on questions of fact, it is the province of the jury, on questions of law, it is the province of the court to decide," but this amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law. Ultimately, 'both objects [the law and the facts] are lawfully within your power of decision."

1792 campaign for Governor of New York

In 1792, Jay was the Federalist candidate for governor of New York, but was defeated by Democratic-Republican George Clinton. Jay received more votes than George Clinton, but on technicalities the votes of Otsego, Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and therefore not counted, giving George Clinton a slight majority. The state constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the secretary of state "by the sheriff or his deputy," but, for example, Otsego County Sheriff Smith's term had expired, so at the time of the election, the sheriff's office had been legally vacant, and the votes could not be brought to the state capital by anybody legally authorized. Clinton partisans in the state legislature, in state courts and federal offices were adamant not to accept any argument that this would in practice subtract the constitutional right to vote from the voters in these counties, and these votes were disqualified.

Jay Treaty

Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794. British exports dominated the U.S. market, while American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs. Britain still occupied northern forts that it had agreed to surrender in the Treaty of Paris. Britain’s impressment of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to enemy ports on neutral ships also created conflict. Madison proposed a trade war, "A direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain," assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war. Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty; Jay remained Chief Justice. Washington had Alexander Hamilton write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations. In March 1795, the resulting treaty, known as the Jay Treaty, was brought to Philadelphia. When Hamilton, in an attempt to maintain good relations, informed Britain that the United States would not join the Danish and Swedish governments to defend their neutral status, Jay lost most his leverage. The treaty eliminated Britain's control of northwestern posts and granted the United States "most favored nation" status, and the U.S. agreed to restricted commercial access to the British West Indies. Washington signed the treaty, and the Senate approved it on a 20-10 vote.

The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment, and the Republicans denounced it, but Jay, as Chief Justice, decided not to take part in the debates. The failure to get compensation for slaves taken by the British during the Revolution "was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition". Jefferson and Madison, fearing a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut republicanism, led the opposition. Jay complained he could travel from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies. However, led by Hamilton's newly created Federalist party and support from Washington, strongly backed Jay and thus won the battle of public opinion. Washington put his prestige on the line behind the treaty and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion. The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20-10 vote (just enough to meet the 2/3 requirement.) Graffiti appeared near Jay's house after the treaty's ratification, reading, "Damn John Jay. Damn everyone that won't damn John Jay. Damn everyone that won't put up the lights in the windows and sit up all nights damning John Jay."

In 1812, relations between Britain and the U.S. faltered. The desire of a group of members in the House of Representatives, known as the War Hawks, to acquire land from Canada and the British impressment of American ships led, in part, to the War of 1812.

Governor of New York

While in Britain, Jay was elected governor of New York State as a Federalist. He resigned from the Supreme Court and served as governor until 1801. As Governor, he received a proposal from Hamilton to gerrymander New York for the Presidential election of that year; he marked the letter "Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt," and filed it without replying. President John Adams then renominated him to the Supreme Court; the Senate quickly confirmed him, but he declined, citing his own poor health and the court's lack of "the energy, weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government."

Jay declined the Federalist renomination for governor in 1801 and retired to the life of a farmer in Westchester County, New York. Soon after his retirement, his wife died. Jay remained in good health, continued to farm and stayed out of politics.

On the night of May 14, 1829, Jay was stricken with palsy, probably due to a stroke. He lived for three more days, dying on May 17. He chose to be buried in a private family plot which he had defined on the Rye property where he grew up. This estate, overlooking Long Island Sound, remained in the Jay family through 1904. A portion of it is managed (and its buildings are being restored for educational use) by the "Jay Heritage Center".

Personal Views

As an abolitionist

Jay was a leader against slavery after 1777, when he drafted a state law to abolish slavery; it failed as did a second attempt in 1785. Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society, in 1785, which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants in the slave trade and provided legal counsel for free blacks claimed as slaves. The Society helped enact the gradual emancipation of slaves in New York in 1799, which Jay signed into law as governor.

Jay was pushing at an open door; every member of the New York legislature (but one) had voted for some form of emancipation in 1785; they had differed on what rights to give the free blacks afterwards. Aaron Burr both supported this bill and introduced an amendment calling for immediate abolition. The 1799 bill settled the matter by guaranteeing no rights at all. The 1799 "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery" provided that, from July 4th of that year, all children born to slave parents would be free (subject only to apprenticeship) and that slave exports would be prohibited. These same children would be required to serve the mother’s owner until age twenty-eight for males and age twenty-five for females. The law thus defined a type of indentured servant while slating them for eventual freedom. All slaves were emancipated by July 4, 1827; the process may perhaps have been the largest emancipation in North America before 1861, except for the British Army's recruitment of runaway slaves during the American Revolution.

In the close 1792 election, Jay's antislavery work hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas, where slavery was still practiced. In 1794 Jay angered southern slave-owners when, in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British, he dropped their demands for compensation for slaves owned by patriots who had been captured and carried away during the Revolution. He made a practice of buying slaves and then freeing them when they were adults and he judged their labors had been a reasonable return on their price; he owned eight in 1798, the year before the emancipation act was passed.

Religion

Jay's home, near Katonah, New York, is a New York State Historic Site and National Historic Landmark.

Jay was Anglican, a denomination renamed the Protestant Episcopal Church in America after the American Revolution. Since 1785 Jay had been a warden of Trinity Church, New York. As Congress's Secretary for Foreign Affairs, he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the Archbishop of Canterbury approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States. He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against Catholics holding office.

In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member John Murray, dated October 12, 1816, Jay wrote, "Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers, and it is the duty, as well as the privilege and interest, of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers."

Legacy

John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City

Several geographical locations have adopted John Jay's name, including: Jay, Maine; Jay, New York; Jay, Vermont; Jay County, Indiana and Jay Street in Brooklyn. In 1964, the City University of New York's College of Police Science was officially renamed the John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

There are also high schools named after Jay located in Cross River, New York; Hopewell Junction, New York and San Antonio, Texas. The Best Western Hotel chain named several of their colonial motif hotels the John Jay Inn.

Exceptional undergraduates at Columbia University are designated John Jay Scholars, and one of that university's undergraduate dormitories is known as John Jay Hall. The John Jay Center on the campus of Robert Morris University and the John Jay Institute for Faith, Society & Law are also named for him. Jay's house, located near Katonah, New York, is preserved as a National Historic Landmark and as the John Jay Homestead State Historic Site.

References

• (English) Samuel F. Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy, New York, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1923.
• Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Praeger, 2003. 327 pp.
• Casto, William R. The Supreme Court in the Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth. U. of South Carolina Press, 1995. 267 pp.
• Combs, Jerald. A. The Jay Treaty: Political Background of Founding Fathers (1970) (ISBN 0-520-01573-8); concludes the Federalists "followed the proper policy" because the treaty preserved peace with Britain
• Elkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. (1994), detailed political history
• Estes, Todd. "John Jay, the Concept of Deference, and the Transformation of Early American Political Culture." Historian (2002) 65(2): 293-317. ISSN 0018-2370 Fulltext in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco
• Ferguson, Robert A. "The Forgotten Publius: John Jay and the Aesthetics of Ratification." Early American Literature (1999) 34(3): 223-240. ISSN 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco
• Johnson, Herbert A. "John Jay and the Supreme Court." New York History 2000 81(1): 59-90. ISSN 0146-437X
• Kaminski, John P. "Honor and Interest: John Jay's Diplomacy During the Confederation." New York History (2002) 83(3): 293-327. ISSN 0146-437X
• Kaminski, John P. "Shall We Have a King? John Jay and the Politics of Union." New York History (2000) 81(1): 31-58. ISSN 0146-437X
• (English) Peter Kefer, Charles Brockden Brown's Revolution and the Birth of American Gothic, 2004.
• Klein, Milton M. "John Jay and the Revolution." New York History (2000) 81(1): 19-30. ISSN 0146-437X
• Littlefield, Daniel C. "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery" New York History 2000 81(1): 91-132. ISSN 0146-437X
• Michael, William Henry History of the Department of State of the United States (1901) United States Dept
• Monaghan, Frank. John Jay: Defender of Liberty 1972. on abolitionism
• Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence 1965.
• Morris, Richard B. Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries 1973. chapter on Jay
• Morris, Richard B. Witness at the Creation; Hamilton, Madison, Jay and the Constitution 1985.
• Morris, Richard B. ed. John Jay: The Winning of the Peace 1980. 9780060130480
• Pellew, George John Jay 1890. Houghton Mifflin Company
• Perkins, Bradford. The First Rapprochement; England and the United States: 1795-1805 Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955.
• (English) Walter Stahr, John Jay: Founding Father, New York & London, Continuum International Publishing Group, March 1 2005, p. 482, ISBN 9781852854447.
• (English) William Whitelock, The Life and Times of John Jay, Statesman, 1887, p. 482.

Primary sources

• Landa M. Freeman, Louise V. North, and Janet M. Wedge, eds. Selected Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay: Correspondence by or to the First Chief Justice of the United States and His Wife (2005)
• Morris, Richard B. ed. John Jay: The Making of a Revolutionary; Unpublished Papers, 1745-1780 1975.

Further reading

• Henry J. Abraham, Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court, 3rd, New York, Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
• Clare Cushman, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995, 2nd, (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books), 2001, ISBN 1568021267.
• John P. Frank, The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Chelsea House Publishers, 1995, ISBN 0791013774.
• The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0195058356.
• Fenton S. Martin, The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, Washington, D.C., Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990, ISBN 0871875543.
• Melvin I. Urofsky, The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary, New York, Garland Publishing, 1994, p. 590, ISBN 0815311761.

See also

• List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
• List of United States Chief Justices by time in office
• List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office

• New York Manumission Society
• United States Supreme Court cases during the Jay Court

External links

Altri progetti

• Wikiquote

• Wikiquote contiene citazioni di o su Calabash/Sandbox

Altri progetti

• Wikimedia Commons

• Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Calabash/Sandbox

• Digitized Collection of 217 John Jay Letters, 1776 thru 1827.
• Essay: John Jay and the Constitution Online exhibition for Constitution Day 2005, based on the notes of Professor Richard B. Morris (1904-1989) and his staff, originally prepared for volume 3 of the Papers of John Jay.
• Template:Find A Grave
• History of the Court, the Jay Court 1789-1795, Supreme Court Historical Society.
• The Papers of John Jay An image database and indexing tool comprising some 13,000 documents scanned chiefly from photocopies of original documents from the Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York and approximately 90 other institutions.
• Jay's Treaty, Library of Congress
• Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court media on John Jay.
• (EN) Opere di Calabash/Sandbox, in Progetto Gutenberg.

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