Californio (gruppo etnico)
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I Californio sono stati un gruppo etnico nordamericano. Il termine storicamente identificava le persone che parlavano la lingua spagnola, usualmente di religione cattolica oppure, a prescindere dalla razza, di discendenza latino americana e nati in California dalle prime colonie spagnole stabilitesi con la Spedizione Portolá nel 1769 e fino al Trattato di Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) nel quale il Messico cedette la California agli Stati Uniti.
La gran parte degli indigeni della California non erano invece dei californio perché non parlavano lo spagnolo.
Secondo il Censimento degli Stati Uniti del 1850 erano 9.000 i californio censiti nella Alta California. [1][2]
Note[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- ^ Seventh Census of the United States 1850 [1] Accessed 8 Aug 2011
- ^ California U.S. 1850 Census; Copia archiviata (PDF), su agcensus.usda.gov. URL consultato il 15 giugno 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 ottobre 2011). Accessed 8 Aug 2011
Bibliografia[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- Beebe, Rose Marie and Robert M. Senkewicz (2001). Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846. Berkeley: Heyday Books. ISBN 978-1-890771-48-5.
- Beebe, Rose Marie and Robert M. Senkewicz (2006). Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848. Berkeley: Heyday Books, The Bancroft Library and the University of California.
- Bouvier, Virginia Marie (2001). Women and the Conquest of California, 1542–1840: Codes of Silence. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2446-4
- Casas, María Raquél (2007). Married to a Daughter of the Land: Spanish-Mexican Women and Interethnic Marriage in California, 1820–1880. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-697-1
- Chávez-García, Miroslava (2004). Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2378-8
- Gostin, Ted (2001). Southern California Vital Records, Volume 1: Los Angeles County 1850–1859. Los Angeles: Generations Press. ISBN 978-0-9707988-0-0
- Haas, Lisbeth (1995). Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769–1936, Berkeley: University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-08380-6
- Heidenreich, Linda (2007). "This Land was Mexican Once": Histories of Resistance from Northern California. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71634-6
- Hugues, Charles (1975). The decline of the Californios: The Case of San Diego, 1846-1856, The Journal of San Diego History, Summer 1975, Volume 21, Number 3
- Hurtado, Albert L. (1999). Intimate Frontiers : Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1954-8
- Mason, William Marvin (1998). The Census of 1790: A Demographic History of California, Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98083-6
- Osio, Antonio Maria; Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz (1996) The History of Alta California : A Memoir of Mexican California. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14974-1
- Pitt, Leonard and Ramón A. Guttiérrez (1998). Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846–1890 (New edition), Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21958-8
- Ruiz de Burton, María Amparo; Rosaura Sánchez and Beatrice Pita (2001). Conflicts of Interest: The Letters of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton. Houston: Atre Publico Press. ISBN 978-1-55885-328-7
- Sánchez, Rosaura (1995). Telling Identities: The Californio Testimonios. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-2559-8
- The editors of Time-Life Books (1976). The Spanish West. New York: Time-Life Books.
Altri progetti[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Californio
Collegamenti esterni[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- Californios, a People and a Culture, sito personale
- Pitti, José; Antonia Castaneda and Carlos Cortes (1988). "A History of Mexican Americans in California," in Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation.
- Guide to the Amador, Yorba, López, and Cota families correspondence. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
- Guide to the Orange County Californio Families Portrait Photograph Album. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
