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L’Olocausto è stata la persecuzione sistematica, organizzata dallo Stato, e l’assassinio di sei milioni di ebrei europei ad opera del regime nazista tedesco, dei suoi alleati e dei suoi collaboratori[1].

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Gli studiosi sono divisi sull'opportunità di applicare il termine Olocausto a tutte le vittime degli omicidi di massa nazisti. Alcuni lo usano come sinonimo di Shoah o "soluzione finale della questione ebraica", e altri includono lo sterminio delle popolazionio romaní, l'imprigionamento ed esecuzione degli uomini omosessuali, l'esecizione dei disabili, l'esecuzione dei polacchi, l'esecuzione dei prigionieri di guerra sovietici, l'omicidio degli oppositori politici, e la persecuzione dei Testimoni di Geova.

Scholars are divided on whether the term Holocaust should be applied to all victims of Nazi mass murder, with some using it synonymously with Shoah or "Final Solution of the Jewish Question", and others including the killing of Romani people, imprisonment and execution of homosexual men, execution of the disabled, execution of the Poles, the execution of Soviet prisoners of war, murder of political opponents, and the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses.[27]

Other groups targeted for racial and other reasons were the Romani people, Balts (especially Lithuanians), people with disabilities, gay men, and political and religious opponents,[1] which would bring the total number of Holocaust victims to 17 million people.[2] In Judaism, Shoah (שואה), meaning "calamity" in Hebrew, became the standard term for the 20th-century Holocaust[2] (see Yom HaShoah).

Terminology and scope[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

The term Holocaust, derived from a Greek word meaning "burnt offering",Template:Sfn has become the most common word used to describe the Nazi extermination of Jews in English and many other languages.[N 1] The term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of other groups that the Nazis targeted,[N 2] especially those targeted on a biological basis, in particular the Roma and Sinti, as well as Soviet prisoners of war and Polish and Soviet civilians.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn All of these groups, however, were targeted for different reasons.Template:Sfn By the 1970s, the adjective Jewish was dropped as redundant and Holocaust, now capitalized, became the default term for the destruction of European Jews.Template:Sfn The Hebrew word Shoah ("catastrophic destruction") exclusively refers to Jewish victims.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The perpetrators used the phrase "Final Solution" as a euphemism for their genocide of Jews.Template:Sfn


Use of the term for non-Jewish victims of the Nazis[modifica | modifica wikitesto]

Pie chart of Holocaust deaths by ethnic and social group
Rough approximation of Holocaust deaths according to a broad definition that includes non-Jews, such as Romani, Slavs, Soviet POWs and political opponents (click image for more details)

While the terms Shoah and Final Solution always refer to the fate of the Jews during the Nazi rule, the term Holocaust is sometimes used in a wider sense to describe other genocides of the Nazi and other regimes.

The Columbia Encyclopedia defines "Holocaust" as "name given to the period of persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany".[2] The Compact Oxford English Dictionary[3] and Microsoft Encarta[4] give similar definitions. The Encyclopædia Britannica defines "Holocaust" as "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II",[5] although the article goes on to say, "The Nazis also singled out the Roma (Gypsies). They were the only other group that the Nazis systematically killed in gas chambers alongside the Jews."[5]

Scholars are divided on whether the term Holocaust should be applied to all victims of Nazi mass murder, with some using it synonymously with Shoah or "Final Solution of the Jewish Question", and others including the killing of Romani people, imprisonment and execution of homosexual men, execution of the disabled, execution of the Poles, the execution of Soviet prisoners of war, murder of political opponents, and the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses.[6]

Czechoslovak–Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer, stated: "Let us be clear: … Shoah, Churban, Judeocide, whatever we call it, is the name we give to the attempted planned total physical annihilation of the Jewish people, and its partial perpetration with the murder of most of the Jews of Europe."[7] He also contends that the Holocaust should include only Jews because it was the intent of the Nazis to exterminate all Jews, while the other groups were not to be totally annihilated.[8] Inclusion of non-Jewish victims of the Nazis in the Holocaust is objected to by many persons including, and by organizations such as Yad Vashem, an Israeli state institution in Jerusalem established in 1953 to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust.[9] They say that the word was originally meant to describe the extermination of the Jews, and that the Jewish Holocaust was a crime on such a scale, and of such totality and specificity, as the culmination of the long history of European antisemitism, that it should not be subsumed into a general category with the other crimes of the Nazis.[9]

However, Nobel laureate and Jewish Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel considered non-Jewish victims to be Holocaust victims, declaring to President Jimmy Carter, "Not all the victims of the Holocaust were Jews, but all Jews were victims," when he asked his support for a national Holocaust museum in Washington.[10]

British historian Michael Burleigh and German historian Wolfgang Wippermann maintain that although all Jews were victims, the Holocaust transcended the confines of the Jewish community – other people shared the tragic fate of victimhood.[11] Hungarian former Minister for Roma Affairs László Teleki applies the term Holocaust to both the murder of Jews and Romani peoples by the Nazis.[12] In The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, American historians Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia use the term to include Jews, Romani and the disabled.[13] American historian Dennis Reinhartz has claimed that Gypsies were the main victims of genocide in Croatia and Serbia during the Second World War, and has called this "the Balkan Holocaust 1941-1945".[14]

  1. ^ Bartov,  pp. 18-19; Smith,  p. 36; Stone,  Introduction: What is the Holocaust?; Engel; Jackson,  pp. 199-200; Sahlstrom,  p. 291; Bartrop,  p. 50; Beorn,  p. 4; Cesarani,  p. xxxix; Hayes,  p. xiii; Hayes e Roth,  p. 2; Stone,  pp. 1-2; Bloxham,  p. 1; Niewyk e Nicosia
  2. ^ King,  pp. 26-27; Engel,  p. 6; Kay,  pp. 1-2; Gerlach,  pp. 14-15; Niewyk e Nicosia,  p. 51
  1. ^ Introduzione all’Olocausto, su encyclopedia.ushmm.org. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2024.
  2. ^ Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby, su bartleby.com (archiviato dall'url originale il February 12, 2009).
  3. ^ "The Holocaust", Compact Oxford English Dictionary: "(the Holocaust) the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime in World War II."
  4. ^ "Holocaust" Archiviato il 28 ottobre 2009 in Internet Archive., Encarta: "Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939–1945). The leadership of Germany's Nazi Party ordered the extermination of 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews (see National Socialism). Jews often refer to the Holocaust as Shoah (from the Hebrew word for "catastrophe" or "total destruction")."
  5. ^ a b "Holocaust," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Nazis called this "the final solution to the Jewish question ..."
  6. ^ * Weissman, Gary. Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Attempts to Experience the Holocaust, Cornell University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8014-4253-2, p. 94: "Kren illustrates his point with his reference to the Kommissararbefehl. 'Should the (strikingly unreported) systematic mass starvation of Soviet prisoners of war be included in the Holocaust?' he asks. Many scholars would answer no, maintaining that 'the Holocaust' should refer strictly to those events involving the systematic killing of the Jews'."
    • "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", Yad Vashem: "The Holocaust, as presented in this resource center, is defined as the sum total of all anti-Jewish actions carried out by the Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945: from stripping the German Jews of their legal and economic status in the 1930s, to segregating and starving Jews in the various occupied countries, to the murder of close to six million Jews in Europe. The Holocaust is part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and murder of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazis."
    • Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition. The Nazis also killed millions of people belonging to other groups: Gypsies, the physically and mentally handicapped, Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals."
    • Paulsson, Steve. "A View of the Holocaust", BBC: "The Holocaust was the Nazis' assault on the Jews between 1933 and 1945. It culminated in what the Nazis called the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe', in which six million Jews were murdered. The Jews were not the only victims of Nazism. It is estimated that as many as 15 million civilians were killed by this murderous and racist regime, including millions of Slavs and 'asiatics', 200,000 Gypsies and members of various other groups. Thousands of people, including Germans of African descent, were forcibly sterilised."
    • "The Holocaust", Auschwitz.dk: "The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War II. In 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be military occupied by Germany during the war. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. 1.5 million children under the age of 12 were murdered. This figure includes more than 1.2 million Jewish children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children and thousands of handicapped children."
    • "Holocaust—Definition", Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies: "HOLOCAUST (Heb., sho'ah). In the 1950s the term came to be applied primarily to the destruction of the Jews of Europe under the Nazi regime, and it is also employed in describing the annihilation of other groups of people in World War II. The mass extermination of Jews has become the archetype of genocide, and the terms sho'ah and "holocaust" have become linked to the attempt by the Nazi German state to destroy European Jewry during World War II ... One of the first to use the term in the historical perspective was the Jerusalem historian BenZion Dinur (Dinaburg), who, in the spring of 1942, stated that the Holocaust was a "catastrophe" that symbolized the unique situation of the Jewish people among the nations of the world."
    • Also see the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies list of definitions: "Holocaust: A term for the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945."
    • The 33rd Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Churches defines the Holocaust as "the Nazi attempt to annihilate European Jewry", cited in Hancock, Ian. "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview" Archiviato il 13 novembre 2013 in Internet Archive., Stone, Dan. (ed.) The Historiography of the Holocaust. Palgrave-Macmillan, New York 2004, pp. 383–396.
    • Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001, p.10.
    • Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945. Bantam, 1986, p.xxxvii: "'The Holocaust' is the term that Jews themselves have chosen to describe their fate during World War II."
  7. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. 1998. "A Past That Will Not Go Away." In The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, edited by Michael Berenbaum, Abraham J. Peck, and United States Holocaust Museum, 12–22. Indiana University Press., su bildnercenter.rutgers.edu.
  8. ^ Yehuda Bauer A History of the Holocaust. F. Watts, 1982 ISBN 0-531-09862-1 p.331; chapter 1
  9. ^ a b Michael Berenbaum Berenbaum, Michael. A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, New York: New York University Press, 1990, pp. 21–35
  10. ^ Misconceptions, in Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center.
  11. ^ Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann. The Racial State:Germany 1933–1945 ISBN 0-521-39802-9 Cambridge University Press 1991. This work favors a more expansive definition of the Holocaust, pointing out that Nazi Germany had a racist ideology by no means limited to anti-Semitism.
  12. ^ Holocaust and the United Nations Discussion Paper Series, László Teleki, su un.org, 23 gennaio 2007.
  13. ^ The Columbia guide to the Holocaust by Donald L. Niewyk, Francis R. Nicosia, page 52, Columbia University Press, 2000
  14. ^ Chapter 6 in the book The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, pp.81-92, ME Sharpe, London, 1991
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