Utente:Toadino2/Modifiche dialettali del th inglese

Alveolarizzazione

Questo mutamento si ritrova in alcune varietà africane della lingua inglese, per cui le fricative dentali /ð, θ/ passano rispettivamente a /z, s/.

Viene spesso fatto per imitare i parlanti nativi del francese e del tedesco, nonostante sia diffuso tra tanti studenti stranieri dell'inglese, non essendo le fricative dentali suoni comuni tra le lingue del mondo.

Per alcuni parlanti del vernaculare afro-americano, il /θ/ si alveolarizza /s/ quando si trova in coda di sillaba, in corpo di parola e preconsonantico, presentando pronunce dei tipi seguenti:

bathroom	- /ˈbæs.ruːm/
birthday	- /ˈbɝs.deɪ/

Coppie omofone

/s, z/ /θ, ð/ IPA Note ace eighth ˈeɪs bass bath ˈbæs bass inteso come specie di pesce. Bess Beth ˈbɛs breast breathed ˈbrɛst Brest breathed ˈbrɛst close clothe ˈkloʊz close clothes ˈkloʊz eights eighth ˈeɪts Erse earth ˈɜː(r)s face faith ˈfeɪs force forth ˈfoə(r)s force fourth ˈfoə(r)s frost frothed ˈfrɒst, ˈfrɔːst gross growth ˈɡroʊs lays lathe ˈleɪz laze lathe ˈleɪz louse Louth ˈlaʊs miss myth ˈmɪs moss moth ˈmɒs, ˈmɔːs mouse mouth ˈmaʊs pass path ˈpæs purse Perth ˈpɜː(r)s race wraith ˈreɪs rise writhe ˈraɪz Ross Roth ˈrɒs, ˈrɔːs ryes writhe ˈraɪz sane thane ˈseɪn sane thegn ˈseɪn sank thank ˈsæŋk saw thaw ˈsɔː sawed thawed ˈsɔːd saw Thor ˈsɔː Non-rhotic accents. seam theme ˈsiːm seas seethe ˈsiːz seem theme ˈsiːm sees seethe ˈsiːz seize seethe ˈsiːz sick thick ˈsɪk sin thin ˈsɪn sing thing ˈsɪŋ sink think ˈsɪŋk size scythe ˈsaɪz soar thaw ˈsɔː Non-rhotic acents with horse-hoarse merger. soar Thor ˈsɔː(r) With horse-hoarse merger. soared thawed ˈsɔːd Non-rhotic acents with horse-hoarse merger. song thong ˈsɒŋ, ˈsɔːŋ sore thaw ˈsɔː Non-rhotic acents with horse-hoarse merger. sore Thor ˈsɔː(r) With horse-hoarse merger. sored thawed ˈsɔːd Non-rhotic acents with horse-hoarse merger. sort thought ˈsɔːt Non-rhotic accents. sought thought ˈsɔːt suds thuds ˈsʌdz sunder thunder ˈsʌndə(r) sunk thunk ˈsʌŋk swart thwart ˈswɔː(r)t sword thawed ˈsɔːd Non-rhotic acents with horse-hoarse merger. tense tenth ˈtɛns tents tenth ˈtɛn(t)s whiz with ˈwɪz With wine-whine merger. wizard withered ˈwɪzə(r)d Z thee ˈziː zen then ˈzɛn

See also

• th-stopping
• th-fronting
• List of Th-alveolarization homographs
• Phonemic Disorders

References

Template:History of English Template:IPA notice Th-fronting refers to the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When th-fronting is applied, /θ/ becomes /f/ (for example, three is pronounced as free) and /ð/ becomes /v/ (for example, bathe is pronounced as bave). Th-fronting is a prominent feature of several dialects of English, notably Cockney, Estuary English, some West Country dialects, Newfoundland English, African American Vernacular English, and Liberian English, as well as in many foreign accents (though the details differ among those accents).

Uses

Actor Simon Pegg wearing a t-shirt with the slogan Norf London, representing "North London" with th-fronting

A 2003 study found that th-fronting was most prevalent in and around the cities of London and Bristol. The first reference to "th"-fronting in London speech occurs in 1787. By 1850 it appears to have been considered a standard feature of working class speech in the city, and had the same status in Bristol by 1880. The use of the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v] for the dental fricatives [θ] and [ð] was noted in Yorkshire in 1876. In his 1892 book A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill, Joseph Wright noted that the prevalence of th-fronting varied across the county.

In 1988, it was noted as spreading amongst non-standard accents in England. Although th-fronting is found occasionally in the middle and upper (middle) class English accents as well, there is still a marked social difference between working and middle class speakers. Th-fronting is regarded as a 'boundary marker' between Cockney and Estuary English, as depicted in the first descriptions of the latter form of English and confirmed by a phonetic study conducted by researcher Ulrike Altendorf. Nevertheless, Altendorf points out that th-fronting is found occasionally in middle class (Estuary) speech as well and concludes that "it is currently making its way into the middle class English accent and thus into Estuary English".

In popular music, the singer Joe Brown's 1960s backing band was christened The Bruvvers (that is, "the brothers" with th-fronting). The 1960 musical Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be was stated to be a Cockney Comedy.

Up until the late 20th century th-fronting was common in speakers of Australian English from North Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast of Queensland. This may stem from the relatively high number of London cockneys who settled there during the Queensland gold rushes of the 19th century. The practice is gradually dying out as the influx of interstate and international immigrants increases.

Example

The following is a sample of a speaker of the Cockney accent who has th-fronting:

• http://www.gazzaro.it/accents/sound/Cockney.mp3

My dad came from Wapping and me mum came from Poplar. Me dad was one of eleven kids… and Wapping in them days really was one of the poorest parts of London. I mean they really didn't have shoes on their feet. I'm talking about seventy years ago now. Erm… and Poplar was… sli… just slightly a cut above Wapping; erm… you was either East End respectable or you was sort of East End villain, you know, and my family was respectable on both sides. But me father had a very tough time because his father died when he was nineteen, leaving him the only one working to bring up eleven brothers… ten brothers and sisters and on a Thursday night he'd sometimes go home and the youngest two would be crying in the corner and he'd say “What's the matter with them, ma?” “Oh, well, Harry, you know it's Thursday night, and you don't get paid till tomorrow.” and they literally didn't have any food in the house.

In that recording father and brother are pronounced [ˈfɑːvə] and [ˈbrʌvə]; Thursday is pronounced [ˈfɜːzdi].

Increase in use

Th-fronting has been spreading in Southern England at a slower rate than t-glottalization.

Th-fronting in the speech of working-class adolescents in Glasgow was reported in 1998, provoking public as well as academic interest. The finding of th-fronting in Glaswegian creates a difficulty for models of language change which hinge on dialect contact associated with geographical mobility since the Glaswegian speakers who used [f] most in the 1997 sample are also those with the lowest geographical mobility. In addition, TH-fronting was reported as "a relatively new phenomenon" in Edinburgh in March 2013.

Homophonous pairs

Homophonous pairs

/f, v/ /θ, ð/ IPA Notes barf bath ˈbɑːf Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split. deaf death ˈdɛf duff doth ˈdʌf elf health ˈɛlf With H-dropping. even heathen ˈiːvən With H-dropping. ever heather ˈɛvə(r) With H-dropping. fain thane ˈfeɪn fain thegn ˈfeɪn fane thane ˈfeɪn fane thegn ˈfeɪn feign thane ˈfeɪn feign thegn ˈfeɪn fie thigh ˈfaɪ fief thief ˈfiːf fin thin ˈfɪn fink think ˈfɪŋk Finn thin ˈfɪn first thirst ˈfɜː(r)st fissile thistle ˈfɪsəl Some accents pronounce fissile as /ˈfɪsaɪl/. for thaw ˈfɔː(r) Non-rhotic accents. for Thor ˈfɔː(r) ford thawed ˈfɔːd Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. fore thaw ˈfɔː Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. fore Thor ˈfɔː(r) With horse-hoarse merger. fort thought ˈfɔːt Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. fought thought ˈfɔːt four thaw ˈfɔː(r) Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. four Thor ˈfɔː(r) With horse-hoarse merger. Fred thread ˈfrɛd free three ˈfriː frees threes ˈfriːz freeze threes ˈfriːz fresh thresh ˈfrɛʃ fret threat ˈfrɛt frieze threes ˈfriːz fro throe ˈfrəʊ fro throw ˈfrəʊ froze throes ˈfrəʊz froze throws ˈfrəʊz funder thunder ˈfʌndə(r) furred third ˈfɜː(r)d furrow thorough ˈfʌrəʊ Some accents pronounce thorough as /ˈfʌrə/. fervour; fervor further ˈfɜː(r)və(r) golf goth ˈɡɒf Some accents pronounce golf as /ˈɡɒlf/. lave lathe ˈleɪv lever leather ˈlɛvə(r) Some accents pronounce lever as /ˈliːvə(r)/. live lithe ˈlaɪv loaf loath ˈləʊf loaves loathes ˈləʊvz miff myth ˈmɪf never nether ˈnɛvə(r) oaf oath ˈəʊf phi thigh ˈfaɪ Ralph wraith ˈreɪf Some accents pronounce Ralph as /ˈrælf/, /ˈrɑːlf/ or /ˈrɑːf/ Ralph wrath ˈrɑːf Some accents pronounce Ralph as /ˈrælf/, /ˈrɑːlf/ or /ˈreɪf/. Some accents pronounce wrath as /ˈræf/ or /ˈrɔːf/. reave wreathe ˈriːv reaves wreathes ˈriːvz reaves wreaths ˈriːvz reef wreath ˈriːf reeve wreathe ˈriːv reeves wreathes ˈriːvz reeves wreaths ˈriːvz rive writhe ˈraɪv roof ruth ˈruːf Some accents pronounce roof as /ˈrʊf/. sheave sheathe ˈʃiːv Some accents pronounce sheave as /ˈʃɪv/. sheaves sheathes ˈʃiːvz Some accents pronounce sheaves as /ˈʃɪvz/. sheaves sheaths ˈʃiːvz Some accents pronounce sheaves as /ˈʃɪvz/. sliver slither ˈslɪvə(r) V, vee thee ˈviː Vs, vees these ˈviːz vair their ˈveə(r) vair there ˈveə(r) van than ˈvæn vat that ˈvæt vents thence ˈvɛn(t)s vie thy ˈvaɪ vine thine ˈvaɪn voe though ˈvəʊ voes those ˈvəʊz vow thou ˈvaʊ whiff with ˈwɪf With wine-whine merger. Some accents pronounce with as /ˈwɪv/.

See also

• List of th-fronting homophones

Notes

Template:Unreferenced Th-debuccalization is a process in varieties of Scots and Scottish English where a voiceless dental fricative Template:IPAslink (spelled th) at the beginning of a word and between vowels becomes the voiceless glottal fricative Template:IPAblink. It is a stage in the process of lenition.

Th-debuccalization occurs mainly in Glasgow and across the Central Belt. A common example is [hɪŋk] for think. This feature is becoming more common in these places over time, but is still variable. In word final position, [θ] is used, as in standard English.

The existence of local [h] for /θ/ in Glasgow complicates the process of th-fronting there, a process which gives /f/ for historical /θ/. Unlike in the other dialects with th-fronting, where /f/ solely competes with /θ/, in Glasgow, the introduction of th-fronting there creates a three-way variant system of [h], [f] and [θ].

Use of [θ] marks the local educated norms (the regional standard), while use of [h] and [f] instead mark the local non-standard norms. [h] is well known in Glasgow as a vernacular variant of /θ/ when it occurs word-initially and intervocalically, while [f] has only recently risen above the level of social consciousness.

Given that th-fronting is a relatively recent innovation in Glasgow, it was expected that linguists might find evidence for lexical diffusion for [f] and the results found from Glasgow speakers confirm this. The existing and particular lexical distribution of th-debuccalization imposes special constraints on the progress of th-fronting in Glasgow.

In accents with th-debuccalization, the cluster /θr/ becomes [hr] giving these dialects a consonant cluster that doesn't occur in other dialects. The replacement of /θr/ with [hr] leads to pronunciations like:

• three - [hri]
• throw - [hro]
• through, threw - [hrʉ]
• thrash - [hraʃ]
• thresh - [hrɛʃ]
• thrown, throne - [hron]
• thread - [hrɛd]
• threat - [hrɛt]

See also

• Th-debuccalisation homographs

Template:Refimprove Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives [θ, ð] as stops—either dental or alveolar—which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as Hiberno-English, some varieties of Newfoundland English, some varieties of New York City English, and Indian English, they are realized as the dental stops [t̪, d̪] and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops /t, d/. Thus pairs like tin/thin and den/then are not homophonous. In other accents, such as Caribbean English, Nigerian English, and Liberian English, such pairs are indeed merged. Th-stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die, "the", and Bruder, "brother".

New York City English

For some New Yorkers, the fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ are pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions /t-θ/ and [d-ð] are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced [θæŋks], [tθæŋks], or [t̪æŋks] in decreasing order of occurrence; all are distinct from tanks. The [t̪] variant has a weakish articulation. The /t-θ/ opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following /r/ (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the non-rhotic pronunciation of "bitter-bidder"; with you may be [wɪtʃu], following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciations are all stigmatized.

The [d-ð] opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the "Brooklynese" stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial [ð] is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there [huz (z)ɛə]; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there /dɛə/. This option extends to one or two words in which the /ð/ is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.

African American Vernacular English

In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, [t] may occur corresponding to standard [θ], thus [wɪt] for with and [ˈnʌtɪn] for nothing.83 Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial [θ]s, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mouth closed.90 In initial position, [θ] occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is [θɪn], without the stopping of West Indian accents. Stopping of initial [ð], however, is frequent making then homophonous with den.

Frequency in other English dialects

Th-stopping may also be heard, specifically from speakers of urban working-class origins, in the American English dialects of the Inland North (for example, in Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, and Buffalo) and Mid-Atlantic region (for example, in Philadelphia and Baltimore), as well as in a minority of speakers from England's Estuary dialect (for example, in London). Speakers of Philippine English and other varieties in Asia also have th-stopping.

Homophonous pairs

/t, d/	/θ, ð/	IPA	Notes
ate	eighth	ˈeɪt
bat	bath	ˈbæt	Without trap-bath split.
bayed	bathe	ˈbeɪd
bet	Beth	ˈbɛt
bladder	blather	ˈblædə(ɹ)
blitter	blither	ˈblɪɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
boat	both	ˈboʊt
body	bothy	ˈbɒɾi	Without lot-cloth split and with intervocalic alveolar flapping.
boot	booth	ˈbuːt
breed	breathe	ˈbɹiːd
Brett	breath	ˈbɹɛt
cedar	seether	ˈsiːdə(ɹ)
cent	synth	ˈsɪnt	With pen-pin merger.
cite	scythe	ˈsaɪt
coot	couth	ˈkuːt
Dan	than	ˈdæn
dare	their	ˈdeə(ɹ)
dare	there	ˈdeə(ɹ)
day	they	ˈdeɪ
debt	death	ˈdɛt
den	then	ˈdɛn
dense	thence	ˈdɛns
dents	thence	ˈdɛn(t)s
dhow	thou	ˈdaʊ
die	thy	ˈdaɪ
dine	thine	ˈdaɪn
dirt	dearth	ˈdɜː(ɹ)t	with fern-fir-fur merger.
dis	this	ˈdɪs
doe	though	ˈdoʊ
does	those	ˈdoʊz
dough	though	ˈdoʊ
dow	thou	ˈdaʊ
dow	though	ˈdoʊ
drought	drouth	ˈdɹaʊt
dye	thy	ˈdaɪ
eater	either	ˈiːɾə(ɹ)
eater	ether	ˈiːtə(ɹ)
eight	eighth	ˈeɪt
fate	faith	ˈfeɪt
fetter	feather	ˈfɛɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
fit	fifth	ˈfɪt	Some accents pronounce fifth as /ˈfɪft/.
fodder	father	ˈfɑdə(ɹ)	With father-bother merger.
fort	forth	ˈfoə(ɹ)t
fort	fourth	ˈfoə(ɹ)t
fraught	froth	ˈfɹɔːt	With lot-cloth split.
frot	froth	ˈfɹɒt	Without lot-cloth split.
got	goth, Goth	ˈɡɒt
groat	growth	ˈɡɹoʊt
hart	hearth	ˈhɑː(ɹ)t
header	heather	ˈhɛdə(ɹ)
heart	hearth	ˈhɑː(ɹ)t
heat	heath	ˈhiːt
hitter	hither	ˈhɪɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
hurt	earth	ˈɜː(ɹ)t	With H-dropping and fern-fir-fur merger.
Ida	either	ˈaɪdə	Non-rhotic accents.
kneader	neither	ˈniːdə(ɹ)
ladder	lather	ˈlædə(ɹ)
lade	lathe	ˈleɪd
laid	lathe	ˈleɪd
latter	lather	ˈlæɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
letter	leather	ˈlɛɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
lied	lithe	ˈlaɪd
lout	Louth	ˈlaʊt
mat	math	ˈmæt
mead	Meath	ˈmiːd
meat	Meath	ˈmiːt
meet	Meath	ˈmiːt
mete	Meath	ˈmiːt
mit	myth	ˈmɪt
mutter	mother	ˈmʌɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
naught	north	ˈnɔːt	Non-rhotic accents.
neater	neither	ˈniːɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
neath	knead	ˈniːd
neath	kneed	ˈniːd
neath	neat	ˈniːt
neath	need	ˈniːd
oat	oath	ˈoʊt
oats	oaths	ˈoʊts
odes	oaths	ˈoʊdz
pads	paths	ˈpædz	Without trap-bath split.
paid	pathe	ˈpeɪd
part	path	ˈpɑːt	Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split.
parts	paths	ˈpɑːts	Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split.
pat	path	ˈpæt	Without trap-bath split.
pats	paths	ˈpæts	Without trap-bath split.
pit	pith	ˈpɪt
pity	pithy	ˈpɪti
rat	wrath	ˈɹæt	Without trap-bath split.
rate	wraith	ˈɹeɪt
read	wreathe	ˈɹiːd
reads	wreathes	ˈɹiːdz
reads	wreaths	ˈɹiːdz
reed	wreathe	ˈɹiːd
reeds	wreathes	ˈɹiːdz
reeds	wreaths	ˈɹiːdz
ride	writhe	ˈɹaɪd
rot	Roth	ˈɹɒt	Without lot-cloth split.
root	ruth, Ruth	ˈɹuːt	With ewe-yew-you merger.
route	ruth, Ruth	ˈɹuːt	With ewe-yew-you merger.
scent	synth	ˈsɪnt	With pen-pin merger.
seed	seethe	ˈsiːd
seeder	seether	ˈsiːdə(ɹ)
sent	synth	ˈsɪnt	With pen-pin merger.
set	saith	ˈsɛt
set	Seth	ˈsɛt
she'd	sheathe	ˈʃiːd
sheet	sheath	ˈʃiːt
side	scythe	ˈsaɪd
sight	scythe	ˈsaɪt
site	scythe	ˈsaɪt
smit	smith	ˈsmɪt
smite	Smyth	ˈsmaɪt
spilt	spilth	ˈspɪlt
soot	sooth	ˈsuːt	Some accents pronounce soot as /ˈsʊt/.
sudden	southern	ˈsʌdən	Non-rhotic accents.
sued	soothe	ˈsuːd	With ewe-yew-you merger.
suede	swathe	ˈsweɪd	Some accents pronounce swathe as /ˈswɒd/.
suit	sooth	ˈsuːt	With ewe-yew-you merger.
swat	swath	ˈswɒt	Without lot-cloth split.
swayed	swathe	ˈsweɪd	Some accents pronounce swathe as /ˈswɒd/.
tank	thank	ˈtæŋk
taught	thought	ˈtɔːt
teat	teeth	ˈtiːt
tent	tenth	ˈtɛnt
Thai	thigh	ˈtaɪ
tick	thick	ˈtɪk
tide	tithe	ˈtaɪd
tie	thigh	ˈtaɪ
tied	tithe	ˈtaɪd
tin	thin	ˈtɪn
toot	tooth	ˈtuːt
tor	thaw	ˈtɔː	Non-rhotic accents.
tor	Thor	ˈtɔː(ɹ)
tore	thaw	ˈtɔː	Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger.
tore	Thor	ˈtɔː(ɹ)	With horse-hoarse merger.
torn	thorn	ˈtɔː(ɹ)n	With horse-hoarse merger.
tort	thought	ˈtɔː(ɹ)t	Non-rhotic accents.
trash	thrash	ˈtɹæʃ
trawl	thrall	ˈtɹɔːl
tread	thread	ˈtɹɛd
tree	three	ˈtɹiː
true	threw	ˈtɹuː, ˈtɹɪu
true	through	ˈtɹuː	With ewe-yew-you merger.
tum	thumb	ˈtʌm
tump	thump	ˈtʌmp
turd	third	ˈtɜː(ɹ)d	With fern-fir-fur merger.
udder	other	ˈʌdə(ɹ)
utter	other	ˈʌɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
Utes	youths	ˈjuːts
welt	wealth	ˈwɛlt
wetter	weather	ˈwɛɾə(ɹ)	With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
wit	width	ˈwɪt
wit	with	ˈwɪt
wordy	worthy	ˈwɜː(ɹ)di, ˈwʌɹdi
wort	worth	ˈwɜː(ɹ)t, ˈwʌɹt	Some accents pronounce wort as /ˈwɔː(ɹ)t/.
wrought	Roth	ˈɹɔːt	With lot-cloth split.

See also

• List of Th-stopping homophones