Utente:Grasso Luigi/sanbox1/Metilene (composto)
| Metilene | |
|---|---|
 | |
  | |
| Nome IUPAC | |
| Diidrurocarbonio(2•) [1][2] | |
| Nomi alternativi | |
| Metilidene; Diidrurocarbonio; Carbene[2] | |
| Caratteristiche generali | |
| Formula bruta o molecolare | CH22• |
| Massa molecolare (u) | 14.0266[3] |
| Aspetto | gas incolore |
| Numero CAS | Immagine_3D |
| PubChem | 123164 |
| SMILES | [CH2] |
| Proprietà termochimiche | |
| ΔfH0 (kJ·mol−1) | 386.39 kJ mol−1 |
| S0m(J·K−1mol−1) | 193.93 J K−1 mol−1 |
| Indicazioni di sicurezza | |
| Simboli di rischio chimico | |
 
| |
| attenzione | |
| Frasi H | --- |
| Consigli P | ---[4]---[5] |
Methylene (systematically named methylidene and dihydridocarbon; also called carbene) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2 (also written [CH2]). It is a colourless gas that fluoresces in the mid-infrared range, and only persists in dilution, or as an adduct.
Methylene is the simplest carbene.[6]p.7[7] It is usually detected only at very low pressures, very low temperatures, or as a short-lived intermediate in chemical reactions.[8]
Nomenclatura[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
The trivial name carbene is the preferred IUPAC name.[senza fonte] The systematic names methylidene and dihydridocarbon, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively.
Methylidene is viewed as methane with two hydrogen atoms removed. By default, this name pays no regard to the radicality of the methylene. Although in a context where the radicality is considered, it can also name the non-radical excited state, whereas the radical ground state with two unpaired electrons is named methanediyl.
Methylene is also used as the trivial name for the substituent groups methanediyl (>CH2), and methylidene (=CH2). Methylene has an electron affinity of 0.65 eV [9]
Scoperta e sintesi[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
The compound was first detected and studied around 1960, by infrared spectroscopy in frozen gas matrix isolation experiments.[10][11]
Methylene can be prepared, under suitable conditions, by decomposition of compounds with a methylidene or methanediyl group, such as ketene (ethenone) (CH2=CO), diazomethane (linear CH2=N2), diazirine (cyclic [-CH2-N=N-]) and diiodomethane (I-CH2-I). The decomposition can be effected by photolysis, photosensitized reagents (such as benzophenone), or thermal decomposition.[8][12]
Proprietà chimiche[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Radicale[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Many of methylene's electronic states lie relatively close to each other, giving rise to varying degrees of radical chemistry. The ground state is a triplet radical with two unpaired electrons (X̃3B1),[12] and the first excited state is a singlet non-radical (ã1A1). With the singlet non-radical only 38 kJ above the ground state,[12] a sample of methylene exists as a mixture of electronic states even at room temperature, giving rise to complex reactions. For example, reactions of the triplet radical with non-radical species generally involves abstraction, whereas reactions of the singlet non-radical not only involves abstraction, but also insertion or addition.
- [CH2]2•(X̃3B1) + H2O → [CH3]• + [HO]•
- [CH2](ã1A1) + H2O → H2CO + H2 or H3COH
The singlet state is also more sterospecific than the triplet.[12]
Struttura[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Unsolvated methylene will spontaneously autopolymerise to form various excited oligomers, the simplest of which, is the excited form of the alkene ethylene. The excited oligomers, decompose rather than decay to a ground state. For example, the excited form of ethylene decomposes to acetylene and atomic hydrogen.[12]
- 2 CH2 → H2CCH*2 → HCCH + 2 H
Unsolvated, excited methylene will form stable ground state oligomers.
- 2 CH*2 → H2CCH2
The ground state of methylene has an ionisation energy of 10.396 eV. It has a bent configuration, with H-C-H angle of 133.84°,[12] and is thus paramagnetic. (The correct prediction of this angle was an early success of ab initio quantum chemistry.[12]) However conversion to a linear configuration requires only 5.5 kcal/mol.[12]
The singlet state has a slightly higher energy (by about 9 kcal/mol) than the triplet state,[12] and its H-C-H angle is smaller, about 102°. In dilute mixtures with an inert gas, the two states will convert to each other until reaching an equilibrium.[12]
Reazioni chimiche[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Chimica organica[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Neutral methylene complexes undergo different chemical reactions depending on the pi character of the coordinate bond to the carbon centre. A weak contribution, such as in diazomethane, yields mainly substitution reactions, whereas a strong contribution, such as in ethenone, yields mainly addition reactions. Upon treatment with a standard base, complexes with a weak contribution convert to a metal methoxide. With strong acids (e.g., fluorosulfuric acid), they can be protonated to give CH3L+. Oxidation of these complexes yields formaldehyde, and reduction yields methane.
Free methylene undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carbene. Addition reactions are very fast and exothermic.[13]
When the methylene molecule is in its state of lowest energy, the unpaired valence electrons are in separate atomic orbitals with independent spins, a configuration known as triplet state.
Methylene may gain an electron yielding a monovalent anion methanidyl (CH•−2), which can be obtained as the trimethylammonium ((CH3)4N+) salt by the reaction of phenyl sodium (C6H5Na) with trimethylammonium bromide ((CH3)4N+Br−).[8] The ion has bent bent geometry, with a H-C-H angle of about 103°.[12]
Reazioni con composti inorganici[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Methylene is also a common ligand in coordination compounds, such as copper methylene CuCH2.[14]
Methylene can bond as a terminal ligand, which is called methylidene, or as a bridging ligand, which is called methanediyl.
Voci correlate[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Note[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
- ^ (EN) Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). 6ed, Cambridge (UK), RSC/IUPAC (2005). ISBN 0-85404-438-8. Versione elettronica.
- ^ a b methanediyl (CHEBI:29357), in Chemical Entities of Biological Interest, European Bioinformatics Institute, 14 January 2009. URL consultato il 2 January 2012.
- ^ (EN) IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights., Atomic weights of the elements 2017, su Queen Mary University of London.
- ^ Scheda del composto su IFA-GESTIS
- ^ Scheda del composto su ARPA
- ^ Roald Hoffman (2005), Molecular Orbitals of Transition Metal Complexes. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-853093-5
- ^ Template:GoldBookRef
- ^ a b c W. B. DeMore and S. W. Benson (1964), Preparation, properties, and reactivity of methylene. In Advances in Photochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 453 pages. ISBN 0470133597
- ^ Methylene, su webbook.nist.gov. URL consultato il 12 April 2018.
- ^ Photochemical Experiments in Rigid Media at Low Temperatures. II. The Reactions of Methylene, Cyclopentadienylene and Diphenylmethylene, in Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 81, n. 22, 1959, p. 5874, DOI:10.1021/ja01531a008.
- ^ Infrared Study of the Reactions of CH2and NH with C2H2and C2H4in Solid Argon, in Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 85, n. 3, 1963, p. 278, DOI:10.1021/ja00886a006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Isaiah Shavitt (1985), Geometry and singlet-triplet energy gap in methylene: A critical review of experimental and theoretical determinations. Tetrahedron, volume 41, issue 8, page 1531 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96393-8
- ^ Milan Lazár (1989), Free radicals in chemistry and biology. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5387-4
- ^ Sou-Chan Chang, Zakya H. Kafafi, Robert H. Hauge, W. Edward Billups, and John L. Margrave (1987), Isolation and characterization of copper methylene (CuCH2) via FTIR matrix isolation spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 109 pages 4508-4513. DOI: 10.1021/ja00249a013.
