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Forme del waka

Chōka

Il Chōka consists of 5-7 Japanese sound units phrases repeated at least twice, and concludes with a 5-7-7 ending.

The briefest chōka documented was made by Yamanoue no Okura in the Nara period, and goes:

瓜食めば子ども思ほゆ栗食めばまして思はゆ何処より来りしものそ眼交にもとな懸りて安眠し寝さぬ (Man'yōshū: 0337),

which consists of a pattern 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7-7:

Tanka

Il tanka è formato da cinque unità (spesso trattate come versi distinti quando traslitterati o tradotti), solitamente col seguente schema mora:

5-7-5 / 7-7.

La sequenza 5-7-5 è chiamata kami no ku(上の句), cioè strofa superiore, e la sequenza 7-7 shimo no ku (下の句), ossia strofa inferiore. Nei tempi passati, le poesie così strutturate erano chiamate hanka ("poesia inversa"), poiché la forma 5-7-5-7-7 derivava dalla conclusione di un chōka. A volte, il chōka aveva due conclusioni, o congedi.

Anche nel tardo periodo Asuka, i poeti waka come Kakinomoto Hitomaro scrivevano hanka come lavori indipendenti. Era adatto ad esprimere i loro interessi privati per la vita e l'espressione dei sentimenti, in confronto col chōka, che era sufficientemente solenne per esprimere emozioni serie e profonde nel trattare eventi significativi. Nel periodo Heian abbiamo molti tanka. Nel primo period Heian (all'inizio del X secolo), il chōka veniva raramente scritto e il tanka divenne la principale forma di waka. Da allora, il termine generico waka divenne quasi sinonimo di tanka. Il periodo Heian vide inoltre l'invenzione di un gioco basato sul tanka: un poeta recitava o creava metà di un tanka, e un altro lo terminava. Questo tipo di tanka collaborativo fu chiamato renga (連歌, ossia poesia a catena). Quando una persona spedisce un haiku ad un amico, è abitudine mandargli un tanka.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku

L'haiku è un tipo di poesia giapponese. Assunse questo nome alla fine del

Haiku (俳句, Haiku?) listen (help·info) is a kind of Japanese poetry. It was given this name the late 17th century by Masaoka Shiki by a combination of the older hokku (発句, hokku?) and the haikai (or verses) in haikai no renga. Haiku, when known as hokku were the opening verses of a linked verse form, haikai no renga. The traditional haiku consisted of a pattern of 5, 7, 5 on. The Japanese word on, meaning ‘sound’, corresponds to a mora, a phonetic unit similar but not identical to the syllable of languages such as English. (The words onji (‘sound symbol’) was used incorrectly for a long time[citation needed] and moji (character symbol) is also sometimes used.[citation needed]) A haiku may contain a special season word (the kigo) representative of the season in which the renga is set, or a reference to the natural world.

Haiku usually combine three different lines, with a distinct grammatical break, called kireji, usually placed at the end of either the first five or second seven sound units. These two parts of a haiku are called the ‘phrase and the fragment’. In Japanese, there are actual kireji words. In English, kireji is often replaced with commas, hyphens, elipses, or implied breaks in the haiku. These elements of the older haiku are considered by many to be essential to haiku as well, although they are not always included by modern writers of Japanese ‘free-form haiku’ and of non-Japanese haiku. Japanese haiku are typically written as a single line, while English language haiku are traditionally separated into three lines.

‘In Japanese, nouns do not have different singular and plural forms, so ‘haiku’ is usually used as both a singular and plural noun in English as well.

Senryu is a similar poetry form that emphasizes humor and human foibles instead of seasons, and which may not have kigo or kireji.