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[[Image:Craigventer1.png|right|thumb|300px|Craig Venter ad Hong Kong (dicembre 2004)]]
[[Image:Craigventer1.png|right|thumb|300px|Craig Venter ad Hong Kong (dicembre 2004)]]
{{Bio
'''John Craig Venter''' ([[Salt Lake City]], [[14 ottobre]] [[1946]]) è un [[biologo]] e uomo d'affari [[stati Uniti d'America|statunitense]].
|Nome = John Craig
|Cognome = Venter
|Sesso = M
|LuogoNascita = Salt Lake City
|GiornoMeseNascita = 14 ottobre
|AnnoNascita = 1946
|LuogoMorte =
|GiornoMeseMorte =
|AnnoMorte =
|Attività = biologo
|Epoca =
|Nazionalità = statunitense
|PostNazionalità = noto per aver sfidato il [[Progetto Genoma Umano]] nella corsa al sequenziamento del genoma.
}}
==Biografia==
Ha iniziato la sua carriera accademica presso il ''[[College of San Mateo]]'', in [[California]], prima di essere arruolato nella [[United States Navy|Marina degli Stati Uniti]] ed essere inviato in [[guerra del Vietnam|Vietnam]]. Al ritorno, ricevette la [[laurea]] in [[biochimica]] nel [[1972]] ed il [[dottorato di ricerca]] in [[fisiologia]] e [[farmacologia]] nel [[1975]] presso l'[[Università della California]] di [[San Diego]]. A San Diego ha sposato la dottoranda Barbara Rae<ref> http://www.rae-venterlaw.com/who.htm </ref> <ref> http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/the-god-of-small-things/2007/01/25/1169594430068.html?page=fullpage </ref>. Dopo aver lavorato come professore all'Università di [[Buffalo]], fu assunto nei [[National Institutes of Health]] nel [[1984]]. A Buffalo divorziò da Barbara Rae per sposare la studentessa Claire Fraser<ref> http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/the-god-of-small-things/2007/01/25/1169594430068.html?page=fullpage </ref> and remained married to Ms. Fraser until 2005. <ref> www.nature.com/news/2007/070416/full/nm1594.html </ref>.

Nel periodo trascorso negli NIH, Venter imparò una specifica tecnica per identificare rapidamente tutti gli [[mRNA]] presenti in una cellula e la utilizzò per identificare i [[geni]] espressi nel [[cervello]] umano. Le brevi sequenze di DNA complementare ([[cDNA]]) utilizzate in questa tecnica sono state chiamate ''[[expressed sequence tag]]s'' (ESTs, dall'inglese ''marcatori di sequenze espresse'') da Anthony Kerlavage, del ''[[The Institute for Genomic Research]]''. Craig Venter chiese in quel periodo di poter brevettare tali sequenze, permesso che, al termine di un procedimento controverso, gli fu negato.

<!-- ===Human Genome Project===
He was the former president and founder of [[Celera Genomics]], which became famous for running a parallel version of the [[Human Genome Project]] of its own for commercial purposes, using [[shotgun sequencing]] technology in 1999. The aim of the Celera project was to create a database of genomic data that users could subscribe to for a fee. This proved very unpopular in the genetics community and spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full sequence and release it as open access. [[DNA]] from 5 individuals was used by Celera to generate the sequence of the human genome; one of the 5 individuals used in this project was Venter. The [[Human Genome Project]], which was composed of many groups from around the world, rendered the attempt to privatise the process unfeasible.<ref name="spufford">{{

cite book
|publisher=Faber
|first=Francis
|last=Spufford
|title=Backroom Boys
|origyear=2003

}}</ref> Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002 after it became clear that selling genome data would not become profitable and Venter resisted efforts by the company board to change the strategic direction of the company.

Despite their differing motivations, Venter and rival scientist [[Francis Collins]] of the [[National Institute of Health]] jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000, along with [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="blueprint">Jamie Shreeve, "[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31genome.htm The Blueprint of Life]," ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'', 10/31/05, URL accessed 30 January 2007.</ref> Venter and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from [[A&E Network]].<ref name="montgomery">"[http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mc/news/press/00-463.html Montgomery County, Maryland, Press Releases]," December 19, 2000, URL accessed 30 January 2007.</ref>

===Current work===
Venter founded [[The Institute for Genomic Research]] (TIGR) in 1992. He is currently the president of the [[J. Craig Venter Institute]], created and funded by TIGR's board (which Venter chairs). In June of 2005, he co-founded [[Synthetic Genomics]], a firm dedicated to using modified [[microorganisms]] to produce [[ethanol]] and [[hydrogen]] as [[alternative fuel]]s. He used his [[sloop]], [[Sorcerer II]], in the [[Global Ocean Sampling Expedition]] to help assess [[genetic diversity]] in marine microbial communities.<ref name="for sale">{{cite news | url=http://www.genomeweb.com/issues/news/141991-1.html | title=Yacht for Sale: Suited for Sailing, Surfing, and Seaborne Metagenomics | work=GenomeWeb.com | publisher=GenomeWeb News | author=Larkman, Kirell |date=[[ September 7]] [[2007]] | accessdate=2007-09-07}}</ref>

Venter has been the subject of several articles, notably ''[[Wired magazine|Wired]]'', <ref name="wired">Shreeve, James. "[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.08/venter.html Craig Venter's Epic Voyage to Redefine the Origin of the Species]," ''[[Wired magazine|Wired]]'', August [[2004]]. Accessed [[June 7]], [[2007]].</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'', <ref name="economist">"The Journey of the Sorcerer", ''[[The Economist]]'', Dec 4, [[2004]].</ref> Australian science magazine [[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and [[Atlantic Monthly]]. <ref name="atlantic_monthly">Douthat, Ross. "The God of Small Things," ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'', Jan/Feb [[2007]].</ref> Additionally, he was featured on [[The Colbert Report]] on February 27, 2007.

Venter appeared in the "Evolution" episode of the documentary television series ''[[Understanding (TV series)|Understanding]]''.

On May 10th, 2007, Venter was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Arizona State University]]. <ref name="asu"> Aufrett, Sarah. "[http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200705/20070511_grad.htm ASU Celebrates Spring Graduates]," ''ASU Insight'', [[May 11]], [[2007]]. Accessed [[June 7]], [[2007]].</ref> He was on the 2007 [[Time 100]] most influential people in the world list made by [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]].

On September 4th, 2007, a team led by Craig Venter, published his complete diploid DNA sequence<ref>{{cite journal|journal=PLoS Biology|year=2007|volume=5|issue=10|title=The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human|author=Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL, et al.}}</ref>, unveiling the six-billion-letter genome of a single individual for the first time.

==Mycoplasma laboratorium==
Venter is seeking to patent the first life-form created by man, possibly to be named [[Mycoplasma laboratorium]].<ref>http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05180/530330.stm</ref> There is speculation that this bacterium may someday produce fuel.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/08/nbiofuel108.xml</ref>

Venter has confirmed that he will speak at Africa's biggest science festival, SciFest Africa, in 2008 in South Africa.<ref>http://www.scifest.org.za</ref>

In an interview in 2007 Venter suggested that evolution as a process as we know it may not be unique. His idea was that the process that we know as evolution occurs randomly the universe. He went on to say that we are currently living in a time that is rare if not unique. According to Venter human evolution on earth is coinciding with a new stream of evolution. Venter says that the new stream of evolution was born from carbon life. Apparently we can see this form evolving as mathematics external to human minds....from the abacus to the modern day computer. Venter claims that we are moving towards a point (or node as he calls it) where the two streams of evolution will meet. Venter suggests that recent developments such as artificial intelligence and the popularity of the internet support his theory. Controversially Venter suggests that human beings should move against this coming together of evolutionary streams. Recently Venter has claimed that he has created a new form of carbon based life in a laboratory. -->

==Bibliografia==
*Ridley, M ''Genome'', ISBN 0-06-089408-3
*Shreeve, J ''The Genome War'', ISBN 0-375-40629-8
*Spufford, F ''Backroom Boys'', ISBN 0-571-21497-5
*Sulston, J & Ferry, G ''The Common Thread'', ISBN 0-309-08409-1

==Voci correlate==
* [[Progetto genoma umano]]

==Note==
{{references}}

==Collegamenti esterni==
*{{en}} [http://www.venterinstitute.org/ J. Craig Venter Institute]
*{{en}} [http://www.sorcerer2expedition.org/ Sorcerer II Expedition]
*{{en}} [http://www.syntheticgenomics.com/ Synthetic Genomics]
*{{en}} [http://www.tigr.org/ The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)]
*{{en}} [http://philosophytalk.org/pastShows/Genomics.html Intervista radio] nel programma ''Philosophy talk''


[[ca:John Craig Venter]]
[[ca:John Craig Venter]]

Versione delle 14:11, 6 ott 2007

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Craig Venter ad Hong Kong (dicembre 2004)

John Craig Venter (Salt Lake City, 14 ottobre 1946) è un biologo statunitense noto per aver sfidato il Progetto Genoma Umano nella corsa al sequenziamento del genoma..

Biografia

Ha iniziato la sua carriera accademica presso il College of San Mateo, in California, prima di essere arruolato nella Marina degli Stati Uniti ed essere inviato in Vietnam. Al ritorno, ricevette la laurea in biochimica nel 1972 ed il dottorato di ricerca in fisiologia e farmacologia nel 1975 presso l'Università della California di San Diego. A San Diego ha sposato la dottoranda Barbara Rae[1] [2]. Dopo aver lavorato come professore all'Università di Buffalo, fu assunto nei National Institutes of Health nel 1984. A Buffalo divorziò da Barbara Rae per sposare la studentessa Claire Fraser[3] and remained married to Ms. Fraser until 2005. [4].

Nel periodo trascorso negli NIH, Venter imparò una specifica tecnica per identificare rapidamente tutti gli mRNA presenti in una cellula e la utilizzò per identificare i geni espressi nel cervello umano. Le brevi sequenze di DNA complementare (cDNA) utilizzate in questa tecnica sono state chiamate expressed sequence tags (ESTs, dall'inglese marcatori di sequenze espresse) da Anthony Kerlavage, del The Institute for Genomic Research. Craig Venter chiese in quel periodo di poter brevettare tali sequenze, permesso che, al termine di un procedimento controverso, gli fu negato.


Bibliografia

Voci correlate

Note

  1. ^ http://www.rae-venterlaw.com/who.htm
  2. ^ http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/the-god-of-small-things/2007/01/25/1169594430068.html?page=fullpage
  3. ^ http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/the-god-of-small-things/2007/01/25/1169594430068.html?page=fullpage
  4. ^ www.nature.com/news/2007/070416/full/nm1594.html

Collegamenti esterni

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