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Dettagli

Descrizione
Español: Mapa de las migraciones prehistóricas del haplogrupo K (M9) del cromosoma Y humano.
English: Migration map of haplogroup K (M9)
Data
Fonte Opera propria
Autore Maulucioni

This map includes the following major subclades of K:

K (M9)
LT (L298)

L → L1a (M2481)



T → T1a (M70)



 K2 (M526)

K2c (P261)



K2d (P402)


 NO
 N

N1a1 (Tat)



N1a2b (P43)



 O
 O1

O1a (M119)


O1b

O1b1 (K18)



O1b2 (P49)





O2 (M122)




 K2b 
 MS 

M (P256)


S

S1 (P405)



S2 (P378)



S3 (P336)



S4 (BY22870)




 P 

P2 (F20148)


P1/QR
Q
Q1a1 (NWT01)

Q-M120



Q-YP1500



Q1b1a (L54)

Q-L330




Q-Z780



Q-M3





R

R2 (M479)


R1
R1a → R1a1a (M17) 

R-Z283



R-Z93



R1b (M343)
R1b1a

R-M73


 M269

R-Z2103


 L51

R-S21


 S116

R-DF27



R-S28



R-L21







R1b1b (V88)










Description and sources

The eurasian Y-chromosomal haplogroup K is consistent with the scenario that the coastal southern route migration from Africa carried the ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the Indian subcontinent and probably it originated there[1] about 47,000 years ago.[2]

Haplogroup L is probably of Middle-Eastern origin.[3] The dispersal of haplogroup T also points within the Near East and from the Near East to sub-Saharan Africa mainly.[4]

An initial rapid diversification process of K2 (M526) likely occurred in Southeast Asia.[5] K2c was observed in Bali, K2d in Java and MS (or K2b1) diversifies in Maritime Southeast Asia and is related to the settlement of Oceania.[5]

NO diversified into the Far East, and while O spread throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia, N expanded to the north and through southern Siberia reached into northeastern Europe.[6]

The greatest diversification of P was in Southeast Asia and its main clade P1 was found in human remains from North Asia, which occurred before diversifying into Q and R;[7] while P2 was found in the Philippines.[8]

Q is considered to have arosed in Central Asia,[9] like R1 and R2.[3]

Subclades of Q are related to the settlement of the Americas. The Amerindians are characterized by the presence of Q-M3 and Q-Z780, while the Eskimos have Q-YP1500.[10]

It has been suggested that R1a (M420) would have originated in the vicinity of Iran, While R1a-M17 would have an European origin.[11] R1b would have originated in the Near East,[12] expanding during the Holocene into Europe[13] and sub-Saharan Africa.[14]

References

  1. Kivisild, T et al. “The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations.” American journal of human genetics vol. 72,2 (2003): 313-32. doi:10.1086/346068
  2. Tatiana M. Karafet et al. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Res. (2008) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press doi: 10.1101/gr.7172008
  3. a b Zhao, Zhongming et al. “Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: a study of 560 Y chromosomes.” Annals of human biology vol. 36,1 (2009): 46-59. doi:10.1080/03014460802558522
  4. Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF. Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa. Hum Biol. 2011 Feb;83(1):39-53. doi: 10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID: 21453003.
  5. a b Karafet, T., Mendez, F., Sudoyo, H. et al. Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 23, 369–373 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.106
  6. Rootsi, S., Zhivotovsky, L., Baldovič, M. et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 15, 204–211 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748
  7. P Y-full tree YTree v9.01.00 2021 YFull™
  8. Haplogroup P-BY49600 2021 Genetic Homeland LLC
  9. Y-DNA Haplogroup Q and its Subclades - 2019 ISOGG
  10. Q Y-full tree YTree v9.01.00 2021 YFull™
  11. Underhill, Peter A et al. “The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a.” European journal of human genetics: EJHG vol. 23,1 (2015): 124-31. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50
  12. Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2019-2020 ISOGG 2020
  13. Myres, N., Rootsi, S., Lin, A. et al. A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 19, 95–101 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.146
  14. MarcHaber et al. Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations The American Journal of Human Genetics. Volume 99, Issue 6, (2016), Pages 1316-1324

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