Utente:ValentinaSperotto/Sandbox

Interoperabilità:

L’interoperabilità ha la capacità di ampliare la rete e quindi di aumentarne il valore esterno per i consumatori. L’interoperabilità permette questa espansione aumentando le connessioni potenziali e attraendo poi alla rete nuovi partecipanti. Altri benefici dell’interoperabilità includono una riduzione dell’incertezza, una limitazione del lock-in, accomodamenti e concorrenza basati sul prezzo.

L’interoperabilità può essere raggiunta tramite la standardizzazione o altre cooperazioni. Le aziende che promuovono l’interoperabilità affrontano tensioni circa il cooperare con i loro concorrenti per aumentare il mercato potenziale per i loro prodotti, e il competere per le quote di mercato.

Standard aperti e chiusi:

Nelle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione, interfacce e standard aperti sono spesso sviluppati tramite la partecipazione di più aziende e sono in genere pensati per fornire vantaggi reciproci. Ma, nei casi in cui i relativi protocolli di comunicazione o interfacce sono standard chiusi, l’effetto rete può far sì che l’azienda che controlla questi standard raggiunga potere monopolistico. La Microsoft corporation è ampiamente vista dai professionisti di computer come mantenere il suo monopolio attraverso questi mezzi. Uno dei metodi osservati che Microsoft adotta per portare a proprio vantaggio l’effetto rete è chiamato “Embrace, extend and extinguish”.

Mirabilis è una start-up israeliana che lanciò l’instant messaging (IM) e fu comprata da America Online. Distribuendo gratuitamente il loro prodotto ICQ e impedendo l’interoperabilità tra il loro software client e altri prodotti, sono stati in grado di dominare temporaneamente il mercato dell’instant messaging. Grazie all’effetto rete, i nuovi utenti dell’IM ottenevano molto più valore scegliendo di usare il sistema di Mirabilis (e unendosi alla sua ampia rete di utenti) rispetto a un sistema concorrente. Com’era tipico a quel tempo, la società non ha mai cercato di generare profitti dalla sua posizione dominante prima di vendere l’azienda.

Examples

Financial exchanges

Stock exchanges and derivatives exchanges feature a network effect. Market liquidity is a major determinant of transaction cost in the sale or purchase of a security, as a bid–ask spread exists between the price at which a purchase can be done versus the price at which the sale of the same security can be done. As the number of buyers and sellers on an exchange increases, liquidity increases, and transaction costs decrease. This then attracts a larger number of buyers and sellers to the exchange.

The network advantage of financial exchanges is apparent in the difficulty that startup exchanges have in dislodging a dominant exchange. For example, the Chicago Board of Trade has retained overwhelming dominance of trading in US Treasury bond futures despite the startup of Eurex US trading of identical futures contracts. Similarly, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange has maintained a dominance in trading of Eurobond interest rate futures despite a challenge from Euronext.Liffe.

Software Edit There are very strong network effects operating in the market for widely used computer software.

For many people choosing an office suite, prime considerations include how much value having learned that office suite will prove to potential employers, and how well the software interoperates with other users. That is, since learning to use an office suite takes many hours, users want to invest that time learning the office suite that will make them most attractive to potential employers and clients, and they also want to be able to share documents. Similarly, finding already-trained employees is a big concern for employers when deciding which office suite to purchase or standardize on.

In 2007 Apple released the iPhone followed by the app store. Most iPhone apps rely heavily on the existence of strong network effects. This enables the software to grow in popularity very quickly and spread to a large userbase with very limited marketing needed. The Freemium business model has evolved to take advantage of these network effects by releasing a free version that will not limit the adoption or any users and then charge for "premium" features as the primary source of revenue.

Web sites Edit Many web sites benefit from a network effect. One example is web marketplaces and exchanges. For example, eBay would not be a particularly useful site if auctions were not competitive. However, as the number of users grows on eBay, auctions grow more competitive, pushing up the prices of bids on items. This makes it more worthwhile to sell on eBay and brings more sellers onto eBay, which drives prices down again as this increases supply, while bringing more people onto eBay because there are more things being sold that people want. Essentially, as the number of users of eBay grows, prices fall and supply increases, and more and more people find the site to be useful.

Network effects were used as justification for some of the dot-com business models in the late 1990s. These firms operated under the belief that when a new market comes into being which contains strong network effects, firms should care more about growing their market share than about becoming profitable. This was believed because market share will determine which firm can set technical and marketing standards and thus determine the basis of future competition.

Social networking websites are good examples. The more people register onto a social networking website, the more useful the website is to its registrants.[8]

Alexa Internet uses a technology that tracks users' surfing patterns; thus Alexa's Related Sites results improve as more users use the technology. Alexa's network relies heavily on a small number of browser software relationships, which makes the network more vulnerable to competition.

Google has also attempted to create a network effect in its advertising business with its Google AdSense service. Google AdSense places ads on many small sites, such as blogs, using Google technology to determine which ads are relevant to which blogs. Thus, the service appears to aim to serve as an exchange (or ad network) for matching many advertisers with many small sites (such as blogs). In general, the more blogs Google AdSense can reach, the more advertisers it will attract, making it the most attractive option for more blogs, and so on, making the network more valuable for all participants.

By contrast, the value of a news site is primarily proportional to the quality of the articles, not to the number of other people using the site. Similarly, the first generation of search sites experienced little network effect, as the value of the site was based on the value of the search results. This allowed Google to win users away from Yahoo! without much trouble, once users believed that Google's search results were superior. Some commentators mistook the value of the Yahoo! brand (which does increase as more people know of it) for a network effect protecting its advertising business.

Rail gauge Edit

The dominant rail gauge in each country shown There are strong network effects in the initial choice of rail gauge, and in gauge conversion decisions. Even when placing isolated rails not connected to any other lines, track layers usually choose a standard rail gauge so they can use off-the-shelf rolling stock. Although a few

La creazione di valore si può perseguire in tre modi:

• miglior prezzo, ad esempio attraverso la compressione della capacità produttiva (il modello della catena di montaggio per gli anni 30 era perfetto)
• miglior prodotto, ossia, ad esempio, la miglior tecnologia applicata.
• miglior servizio al cliente, ossia customer value e customer satisfaction: servizio "chiavi in mano" e il cliente non deve più pensare a niente.