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Colors

Halsey

Colors è un brano musicale della cantante statunitense Halsey pubblicato il 9 febbraio 2016, estratto dall'album Badlands come terzo singolo.[1]

Background

An electropop song,[2] "Colors" è stata scritta da Halsey e Dylan Bauld e prodotta da Dylan William. Halsey expressed to Complex magazine:

"[Blue is] just my creative color. It's like so many things at once. It's electric, and it's bright, but it's also calm. It's also ethereal. Blue is just an otherworldly color to me. Blue is the sky. Blue is the sea. Blue for me represents the unexplored territory."

On January 21, 2016, Halsey revealed the single's artwork via Twitter. The art had been painted on the side of a building located at the intersection of Franklin Street and Meserole Avenue in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[3] The picture features a black human silhouette standing in front of a dark green background. Lilac paint splashes around the head of the figure, which is a reference to the song's bridge. Upon it's release, MTV's contributor Madeline Roth compared the reveal to the advertising campaign preceding Justin Bieber's album Purpose.[4]

Music video

Il video musicale del singolo è stato diretto da Rim Mattia e pubblicato il 25 febbraio 2016.[5] Prima della sua uscita Halsey ha pubblicato due teasers del video sui suoi account Twitter e Facebook. Ha anche annunciato la sua data di uscita (il 25 febbraio 2016, appunto) e la partecipazione dell'attore Tyler Posey.[6]

Il video ha ricevuto un'accoglienza positiva, con i critici principalmente interessati all'intreccio della trama. Nylon Magazine ha notato un contrasto tra la "natura sognante" della canzone con la trama turbinosa del video.[7] Ella Ceron di Teen Vogue ha definito il video "etereo".[8]

Synopsis

Il video inizia con il personaggio interpretato da Halsey che, con la sua polaroid, sta fotografando Posey e suo padre mentre giocano a tennis. Halsey e sua madre scendono dagli spalti e si siedono coi due uomini, la donna li invita a cena. Posey's character spots her thumbing through pictures in her car, which she makes a visible effort to hide. Halsey and her mother meet up for dinner. While eating, Tyler's father notices Halsey has food on her face while she is staring off into the distance. She then takes a picture of the three of them.

Back at the school, Halsey is struggling to open her locker as Tyler walks towards her. She accidentally drops the pictures when he is standing next to her. While picking them up, Tyler discovers that they are all of his father, and it is revealed that Halsey's character harbored a crush on Tyler's father during the entirety of the video. He punches an adjacent locker and storms off. The video ends with Halsey taking a final picture, with the picture being entirely blue.

Live performances

"Colors" was promoted by Halsey in a number of live appearances, including Jimmy Kimmel Live, Boston Calling Music Festival and at 02 Academy Islington, London.[9]

Tumblr

Tumblr

Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox dot-com company Tumblr (stylized as tumblr.) is a microblogging platform and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007, and owned by Yahoo! since 2013.[10] The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog. Users can follow other users' blogs, as well as make their blogs private.[11][12] Much of the website's features are accessed from the "dashboard" interface, where the option to post content and posts of followed blogs appear.

As of March 1, 2016, Tumblr hosts over 282.1 million blogs.[13] As of January 2016, the website had 555 million monthly visitors.[14] The company's headquarters is in New York City.[13]

Yahoo! announced its intention to acquire Tumblr on May 20, 2013, for approximately $1.1 billion.[15][16][17][18] The deal closed on June 20, 2013.[19]

History

Template:Multiple image Development of Tumblr began in 2006 during a two-week gap between contracts at David Karp's software consulting company, Davidville (housed at Karp's former internship with producer/incubator Fred Seibert's Frederator Studios which was located a block from Tumblr's current headquarters).[20][21] Karp had been interested in tumblelogs (short-form blogs) for some time and was waiting for one of the established blogging platforms to introduce their own tumblelogging platform. As no one had done so after a year of waiting, Karp and developer Marco Arment began working on their own tumblelogging platform.[22][23] Tumblr was launched in February 2007[24][25] and within two weeks, the service had gained 75,000 users.[26] Arment left the company in September 2010 to focus on Instapaper.[27]

In early June 2012, Tumblr featured its first major brand advertising campaign in conjunction with Adidas. Adidas launched an official soccer Tumblr blog and bought placements on the user dashboard. This launch was only two months after Tumblr announced it would be moving towards paid advertising on its site.[28]

On May 20, 2013, it was announced that Yahoo! and Tumblr had reached an agreement for Yahoo! to acquire Tumblr for $1.1 billion in cash.[29][30] Many of Tumblr's users were unhappy with the news, causing some to start a petition, achieving nearly 170,000 signatures.[31] David Karp remained CEO and the deal was finalized on June 20, 2013.[32][33]

Features

Blog management

  • Dashboard: The dashboard is the primary tool for the typical Tumblr user. It is a live feed of recent posts from blogs that they follow.[34] Through the dashboard, users are able to comment, reblog, and like posts from other blogs that appear on their dashboard. The dashboard allows the user to upload text posts, images, video, quotes, or links to their blog with a click of a button displayed at the top of the dashboard. Users are also able to connect their blogs to their Twitter and Facebook accounts, so whenever they make a post, it will also be sent as a tweet and a status update.[35]
  • Queue: Users are able to set up a schedule to delay posts that they make. They can spread their posts over several hours or even days.[35]
  • Tags: For each post a user creates, they are able to help their audience find posts about certain topics by adding tags. If someone were to upload a picture to their blog and wanted their viewers to find pictures, they would add the tag #picture, and their viewers could use that word to search up posts with the tag #picture.
  • HTML editing: Tumblr allows users to edit their blog's theme HTML coding to control the appearance of their blog. Users are also able to use a custom domain name for their blog.

Mobile

With Tumblr's 2009 acquisition of Tumblerette, an iOS application created by Jeff Rock and Garrett Ross, the service launched its official iPhone app.[36][37] The site became available to BlackBerry smartphones on April 17, 2010 via a Mobelux application in BlackBerry World. In June 2012, Tumblr released a new version of its iOS app, Tumblr 3.0 allowing support for Spotify, hi-res images and offline access.[38] An app for Android is also available.[39] A Windows Phone app was released on April 23, 2013.[40] An app for Google Glass was released on May 16, 2013.[41]

Inbox and messaging

Tumblr blogs may optionally allow users to submit questions, either as themselves or anonymously, to the blog for a response. Tumblr also offered a "fan mail" function, allowing users to send messages to blogs that they follow.[42][43]

On November 10, 2015, Tumblr introduced an integrated instant messaging function, allowing users to chat between other Tumblr users. The feature is being rolled out in a "viral" manner; it was initially made available to a group of 1500 users; other users may receive access to the messaging system if they are sent a message by any user that has received access to the system itself. The messaging system only supports text-based conversations, although other features (such as group chat and image embeds) will be added in the future. The messaging platform will also replace the fan mail system, which has been deprecated.[44]

Editorial content

In May 2012, Tumblr launched Storyboard, a blog managed by an in-house editorial team which features stories and videos about noteworthy blogs and users on Tumblr.[45] In April 2013, Storyboard was shut down.[46]

Usage

  • As of March 1, 2016, Tumblr hosts over 282.1 million blogs and more than 130.2 billion posts in total.[13]
  • In April 2013 the website received more than 13 billion global page views.[47]
  • As of March 1, 2016, over 56 million posts were created on the site each day.[10]

An analysis by AddThis of shares through their service in 2011 noted that Tumblr sharing had increased by 1299.5%.[48]

The service is most popular with the teen and college-aged user segments with half of Tumblr's visitor base being under the age of 25.[49]

Adult content

Tumblr is noted by technology journalists as having a sizable amount of pornographic content.[50] The New York Times notes "pornography represents a fraction of content on the site, but not a trivial amount for a site with 100 million blogs."[51] Karp revealed in June 2012 that between 2 and 4 percent of Tumblr's traffic is porn-related.[52] However, an analysis conducted by news and technology site TechCrunch has shown that over 22% of all traffic in and out of Tumblr is classified as pornography. In addition, a reported 16.45% of blogs on Tumblr exclusively contain porn.[53] Tumblr's Community Guidelines permits adult-oriented content but requires that blogs that contain occasional or substantial adult content to be flagged as such. Sexually explicit videos are not allowed to be uploaded to the website, but videos hosted elsewhere may be embedded.[54] Some porn bloggers earn money by referring traffic to adult businesses through referrals and widgets.[55]

As of July 20, 2013, policy updates enacted by Tumblr mean that pages classified as "NSFW" (not safe for work) will not feature in tag pages for users who are not logged in or who have the "Safe Mode" activated. For users who are logged in to Tumblr, but do not have "Safe Mode" turned on, NSFW blogs should show up on search and tag pages; NSFW pages are indexed by search engines.[56] In a public statement, the company conveyed the following:

Tumblr's longstanding policy regarding NSFW content has not changed and emphasizes the importance of free expression. As addressed in these policies, we are constantly taking measures to ensure our users can avoid this content unless they'd like to see it. Anyone can opt-in by disabling Safe Mode in their Dashboard Settings.[57]

In February 2016, the Indonesian government temporarily blocked access to Tumblr within the country because the site hosts pages that carried porn. The government shortly reversed it decision to block the site and said it had asked Tumblr to self-censor its pornographic content.[58]

Self-harm and suicide

In February 2012, Tumblr's staff blog announced that the content policy would change to ban blogs that promote or advocate suicide, self-harm and eating disorders (pro-ana).[59]

The suicide of a British teenager, Tallulah Wilson, raised the issue of suicide and self-harm promotion on Tumblr as Wilson was reported to have maintained a self-harm blog on the site. A user on the site is reported to have sent Wilson an image of a noose accompanied by the message: "here is your new necklace, try it on." In response to the Wilson case, Maria Miller, the UK's minister for culture, media and sport, said that social media sites like Tumblr need to remove "toxic" self-harm content.[60][61]

Searching terms like "depression", "anxiety", and "suicide" on Tumblr now brings up a PSA page directing the user to resources like the national suicide lifeline, and 7 Cups of Tea; as well as an option to continue to the search results.[62]

Corporate affairs

Tumblr's headquarters is on East 21st Street in New York City. The offices are on the 10th floor.

Tumblr's headquarters is at 35 East 21st Street in the Flatiron District in New York City's Silicon Alley.[13][63][64] The company also maintains a support office in Richmond, Virginia.[65] As of March 1, 2016, Tumblr has 368 employees.[10] The company's logo is set in Bookman Old Style with some modifications.[66]

Funding

To date, Tumblr has received about $125 million of funding from investors.[67] The company has raised funding from Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital, Martín Varsavsky, John Borthwick (Betaworks), Fred Seibert, Krum Capital, and Sequoia Capital (among other investors).[68][69][70]

In its first round of funding in October 2007, Tumblr raised $750,000 from Spark Capital and Union Square Ventures.[71] In December 2008, the company raised $4.5 million in Series B funding[72] and a further $5 million in April 2010.[73] In December 2010, Tumblr raised $30 million in Series D funding.[74] The company had a $800 million valuation in August 2011.[75] In September 2011, the company raised $85 million in a round of funding led by Greylock Partners and Insight Venture Partners.[76]

Revenue sources

In an interview with Nicole Lapin of Bloomberg West on September 7, 2012, David Karp said the site was monetized by advertising. Their first advertising launch started in May 2012 after 16 experimental campaigns.[77] Tumblr made $13 million in revenue in 2012 and hopes to make $100 million in 2013. Tumblr reportedly spent $25 million to fund operations in 2012.[67]

In 2013, Tumblr began allowing companies to pay to promote their own posts to a larger audience. Tumblr Head of Sales, Lee Brown, has quoted the average ad purchase on Tumblr to be nearly six figures.[78] Tumblr also generates revenue by selling themes to users to change the appearance of their blog.[79]

Criticism

Copyright violation

Tumblr has received criticism for copyright violations by participating bloggers;[80] however, Tumblr accepts Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) take-down notices.[81] Tumblr's visual appeal has made it ideal for photoblogs that often include copyrighted works from others that are re-published without payment.[55] Tumblr users can post unoriginal content by "Reblogging", a feature on Tumblr that allows users to re-post content taken from another blog onto their own blog.[80][82]

Security

Tumblr has been forced to manage spam and security problems. For example, a chain letter scam in May 2011 affected 130,000 users.[83]

On December 3, 2012, Tumblr was attacked by a cross-site scripting worm deployed by the Internet troll group Gay Nigger Association of America. The message urged users to harm themselves and criticized blogging in general.[84]

User interface changes

In 2015, Tumblr faced criticism by users for changes to its reblog mechanisms. In July 2015, the system was modified so that users cannot remove or edit individual comments by other users when reblogging a post; existing comments can only be removed all at once. Tumblr staff argued that the change was intended to combat "misattribution". In September 2015, Tumblr changed how threads of comments on reblogged posts are displayed; rather than a nested view with indentations for each post, all reblogs are now shown in a flat view, and user avatars were also added. The change was intended to improve the legibility of reblogs, especially on mobile platforms, and complements the inability to edit existing comments. Although some users had requested such a change to combat posts made illegible by extremely large numbers of comments on a reblogged post, the majority of users (even those who had requested such a change) criticized the new format. The Verge was also critical of the changes, noting that it was cleaner, but made the site lose its "nostalgic charm".[85][86]

Recognition

See also

Template:Portal bar

References

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External links

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Convenzione del 1832

Convenzione del 1832

The Convention of 1832 was the first political gathering of colonists in Mexican Texas. Delegates sought reforms from the Mexican government and hoped to quell the widespread belief that settlers in Texas wished to secede from Mexico. The convention was the first in a series of unsuccessful attempts at political negotiation that eventually led to the Texas Revolution.

Under the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, Texas was denied independent statehood and merged into the new state Coahuila y Tejas. After growing suspicious that the United States government would attempt to seize Texas by force, in 1830 Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante signed a series of highly unpopular laws restricting immigration and calling for customs duty enforcement. Tensions erupted in June 1832, when Texas residents systematically expelled all Mexican troops from eastern Texas.

The lack of military oversight emboldened the colonists to increase their political activity. On October 1, 1832, 55 political delegates met at San Felipe de Austin to petition for changes in the governance of Texas. Notably absent was any representation from San Antonio de Béxar, where many of the native Mexican settlers (Tejanos) lived. The delegates elected Stephen F. Austin, a highly respected empresario, as president of the convention.

Delegates passed a series of resolutions requesting, among other things, a repeal of the immigration restrictions, a three-year exclusion from custom duties enforcement, permission to form an armed militia and independent statehood. They also voted themselves the power to call future conventions. Before the petition could be delivered to Mexico City, the political chief of Texas, Ramón Músquiz, ruled that the convention was illegal and annulled the resolutions. In a compromise, the ayuntamiento (city council) of San Antonio de Béxar drafted a new petition with similar language to the convention resolutions and submitted it through proper legal channels. Músquiz forwarded the new document to the Mexican Congress.

Background

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Mexican Texas.

In 1821 several of Spain's former colonies in the New World won their independence and banded together to create a new country, Mexico. The Constitution of 1824 established Mexico as a federalist republic comprising multiple states. Sparsely populated former Spanish provinces were denied independent statehood and instead merged with neighboring areas. The former Spanish Texas, which marked Mexico's eastern border with the United States, was combined with Coahuila to form the new state Coahuila y Tejas.[1] To assist in governing the large area, the state was subdivided into several departments; all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar.[2] With the formation of a new state government, the Texas provincial governing committee was forced to disband,[3] and the capital was moved from San Antonio de Béxar to Saltillo.[4] Many Tejanos—native Mexican citizens who lived in Texas—were reluctant to give up their self-rule.[3]

The bankrupt federal government was unable to provide much military assistance to the settlers in Texas, who faced frequent raids by native tribes. In the hopes that an influx of settlers could control the raids, in 1824 the government appointed empresarios to settle families from the United States and Europe in Texas.[1] As the number of Americans living in Texas blossomed, Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States might wish to annex the area, possibly using force.[5][6] On April 6, 1830, the Mexican government passed a series of laws restricting immigration from the United States into Texas. The laws also cancelled all unfilled empresario contracts and called for the first enforcement of customs duties.[5]

Lithograph depicting the head and shoulders of a middle-aged, clean-shaven man wearing an ostentatious military uniform.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's revolt against the Mexican government gave the Texians an excuse for their own rebellion.

The new laws angered both Tejanos and recent immigrants (Texians).[7] Stephen F. Austin, a well-respected empresario who had brought the first group of American settlers to Texas, warned Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante that the laws seemed designed to destroy the colonies.[8] Texas's two delegates to the state legislature, both Tejanos, were so vocal in their opposition that one of them was expelled from the legislature.[7] Austin was elected to fill his seat, and in December 1830 he left for Saltillo.[9]

Implementation of the laws led to much tension within Texas. Much to the displeasure of the colonists, a new military post was established in Anahuac to begin collecting customs duties. The commander of the post, Colonel Juan Davis Bradburn, often clashed with the locals over his strict interpretation of Mexican law. In June 1832, colonists armed themselves and marched on Anahuac. As a result of these Anahuac Disturbances, Bradburn was forced to resign.[10]

The small Texian rebellion coincided with a revolt led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna against Bustamante's centralist government.[11] The chaos in the Mexican interior and the Texian success at Anahuac emboldened other Texas settlers to take arms against garrisons throughout eastern Texas.[12] Within weeks, settlers expelled all Mexican soldiers from eastern Texas.[13] Free from military oversight, the settlers began to increase their political activity.[14]

Meeting

Buoyed by their success, Texians organized a political convention to persuade Mexican authorities to weaken the Laws of April 6, 1830.[15] On August 22, the ayuntamiento at San Felipe de Austin (the capital of Austin's colony) called for each district to elect five delegates.[16] Although Austin attempted to dissuade the instigators, elections were held before his return from Saltillo. Sixteen communities chose delegates.[15] The two municipalities with the largest Tejano population, San Antonio de Béxar and Victoria, refused to participate.[17] The majority of the elected delegates were known as relatively even-tempered. Many known agitators, such as James Bowie and William B. Travis, were defeated.[15] Tejanos did not have a large presence at the convention, largely due to the boycott by the Béxar and Victoria municipalities. Convention organizers invited several prominent Tejanos from these towns to attend, but all declined.[17]

Portrait of a man with receding hairline and long sideburns, wearing an 1840s-style suit.
Stephen F. Austin was elected president of the convention.

On October 1, 1832, 55 delegates met in San Felipe de Austin;[17] attendance may have been diminished due to the short notice.[18] The gathering marked the first time residents from each of the colonies had convened to discuss common goals.[17]

The convention was called to order by John Austin, one of the alcaldes of San Felipe de Austin.[19] In his remarks, John Austin laid out four key points that the convention needed to address: the "misrepresentations" made by "enemies of Texas" that the settlers desired independence from Mexico,[20] an appeal of the restrictions on immigration from the United States, a method to grant land titles to residents in certain areas of the province, and reduction of tariffs on many imported items.[21] The first order of business was the election of officers. Stephen F. Austin and William H. Wharton, a known hothead, were nominated to lead the convention; Austin won, 31–15.[17][21] Frank W. Johnson, who had led the armed resistance at the Anahuac Disturbances, was elected secretary.[22] In his acceptance speech, Austin praised the delegates for exerting their constitutional rights to petition the government.[21]

Over the next six days, the delegates adopted a series of resolutions requesting changes in the governance of Texas.[15] Historian Eugene Campbell Barker suggests that the discussions would likely not have concluded so swiftly unless the delegates had done "considerable preparation before the meeting".[23] Several of the resolutions were designed to stimulate the local economy. Delegates requested that customs duty enforcement be delayed until 1835 and that citizens be granted a method to remove corrupt customs officers. Resolutions encouraged that land titles be issued more quickly and that public lands be sold to raise money for bilingual schools.[15] Delegates from Nacogdoches asked that the government take a firmer hand in preventing new settlers from encroaching on lands that had previously been promised to native tribes.[22] After explaining that law-abiding potential citizens were being excluded from Texas while disreputable squatters continued to stream illegally in,[23] the delegates asked for the repeal of the prohibition on immigration from the United States. Furthermore, they requested permission to raise a militia, ostensibly for protection from marauding native tribes. The most controversial resolution asked that Texas become an independent state, separate from Coahuila.[15] The separation request was added by a vote of 36–12. The motion included as justification the fact that Coahuila and Texas were very dissimilar in climate and economy and mentioned that Texas's limited representation in the state legislature made it very difficult to enact laws that specifically addressed the needs of its citizens.[24] Delegates insisted that independent statehood was not a pretext for secession from Mexico.[23]

After approving the list of resolutions, delegates created a seven-member central committee to convene future meetings.[25][Note 1] The central committee would be based in San Felipe "for the purpose of circulating information of events of importance to the interest of the people".[26] In addition, each municipality was asked to create a committee of correspondence and safety.[15] The sub-committees would keep in close contact with the central committee because "united our strength and resources are more than adequate to our defense in any possible event. Disunited, we may become an easy prey, even to a handful of cowardly invaders."[27]

The convention adjourned on October 6 after unanimously electing Wharton to deliver the resolutions to the state legislature in Saltillo and to the Mexican Congress in Mexico City.[28][29] Just before the group dispersed, Rafael Manchola, the alcalde (mayor) of Goliad, arrived. He was the only delegate from Goliad and the only Tejano to appear at the convention.[15] Manchola volunteered to accompany Wharton at his own expense—he and other delegates thought the expedition might have more success if a Tejano was also involved.[30] Days later, Austin wrote that "we have just had a convention of all Texas, native Mexicans and foreign settlers—all united as one man".[28]

Results

Following the convention, much of the disquiet in Texas subsided. Austin believed the public was calmed simply by having the opportunity to air their grievances. Before the list of concerns could be presented to the state and federal governments, Ramón Músquiz, the political chief, or head, of the Department of Béxar, ruled that the convention was illegal.[31] This type of activism was traditionally forbidden in Texas.[Note 2][32] The law directed that citizens should protest to their local ayuntamiento (similar to a city council), which would forward their concerns to the political chief. The political chief could then escalate the concerns to the state or federal government.[17] Because the colonists had not followed this process, Músquiz annulled their resolutions.[31] The ayuntamientos at San Felipe, Nacogdoches, Gonzales and Liberty half-heartedly apologized for their participation, and Wharton's mission was cancelled.[33]

The lack of Tejano representation and the San Antonio de Béxar residents' refusal to participate fostered a perception that only newcomers to Texas were dissatisfied.[22] Austin agreed to meet with the political leaders in San Antonio de Béxar to persuade them to support the resolutions. These Tejano leaders, including Erasmo Seguin, largely agreed with the result of the convention but opposed the methods by which the resolutions had been proposed. The Tejano leaders urged patience; Bustamante was still president and would not look favorably on a petition from Texas settlers who had sided with his rival, Santa Anna.[25]

Austin and the Tejano leaders agreed to a compromise. Because San Antonio de Béxar was the seat of the Department of Béxar, its ayuntamiento drafted a petition containing similar language to the convention resolutions.[31] The petition was endorsed by the ayuntamientos at Goliad, San Felipe, and Nacogdoches[34] and then given to Músquiz, who forwarded it to the Mexican Congress in early 1833.[31] Although Músquiz had publicly supported the petition, he secretly included a note to the Coahuila y Tejas governor warning that this might be a precursor to secession.[35]

The political leaders also agreed to Austin's stipulation that if the federal government refused to address the petition within several months, Texas residents would form their own state government, essentially declaring independence from Coahuila, if not from Mexico.[31] The central committee elected by the convention was too impatient to wait long. In late December, the committee called for a March election for delegates to the Convention of 1833.[34] The second convention reiterated some of the previous concerns and took additional steps to declare Texas an independent state, further concerning Mexican authories, who feared this was a step towards Texas joining the United States.[36]

The Mexican government attempted to address some of the concerns identified by the conventions of 1832 and 1833. In November 1833, part of the Laws of April 6, 1830 were repealed, allowing Americans to immigrate legally to Texas.[37] Several months later, Texas was granted increased representation in the Coahuila y Tejas legislature. Several American legal concepts, such as trial by jury, were introduced to Texas, and English was authorized as a second language.[38] Unimpressed with these compromises, some Texas residents continued to campaign for independent statehood. Rising tensions eventually led to the Texas Revolution, which began in October 1835.[39]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Manchaca (2001), pp. 164, 187.
  2. ^ Ericson (2000), p. 33.
  3. ^ a b de la Teja (1997), p. 83.
  4. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 72.
  5. ^ a b Henson (1982), pp. 47–8.
  6. ^ Morton (1947), p. 33.
  7. ^ a b Davis (2006), p. 77.
  8. ^ Davis (2006), p. 76.
  9. ^ Davis (2006), p. 78.
  10. ^ Henson (1982), pp. 95–102, 109.
  11. ^ Davis (2006), p. 85.
  12. ^ Henson (1982), p. 108.
  13. ^ Davis (2006), p. 86.
  14. ^ Davis (2006), p. 89.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Davis (2006), p. 92.
  16. ^ Gammel (1898), pp. 477–8.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Davis (2006), p. 91.
  18. ^ Gammel (1989), p. 478.
  19. ^ Gammel (1878), p. 480.
  20. ^ quoted in Gammel (1898), p. 480.
  21. ^ a b c Gammel (1898), p. 481.
  22. ^ a b c Ralph W. Steen, Convention of 1832, in Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association, 12 giugno 2010. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2009..
  23. ^ a b c Barker (1985), p. 349.
  24. ^ Barker (1985), p. 350.
  25. ^ a b Barker (1985), p. 351.
  26. ^ quoted in Gammel (1898), p. 494.
  27. ^ quoted in Barker (1985), p. 351.
  28. ^ a b Davis (2006), p. 93.
  29. ^ Gammel (1898), p. 500.
  30. ^ Huson (1974), p. 64.
  31. ^ a b c d e Davis (2006), p. 94.
  32. ^ Winders (2004), p. 49.
  33. ^ Barker (1985), p. 352.
  34. ^ a b Davis (2006), p. 95.
  35. ^ Barker (1985), pp. 351–352.
  36. ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 67.
  37. ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 68.
  38. ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 69.
  39. ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 72.

References


Sources

  • Eugene Campbell Barker, The Life of Stephen F. Austin, founder of Texas, 1793–1836, University of Texas Press, 1985. originally published 1926 by Lamar & Barton
  • William C. Davis, Lone Star Rising, Texas A&M University Press, 2006. originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
  • Jesus F. de la Teja, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Scholarly Resources Inc., 1997.
  • J.R. Edmondson, The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts, Republic of Texas Press, 2000.
  • Joe E. Ericson, The Nacogdoches story: an informal history, Heritage Books, 2000.
  • Hans Gammel, The Laws of Texas, 1822–1897, Volume I, 1898. digital images courtesy of Denton, TX: University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History
  • Margaret Swett Henson, Juan Davis Bradburn: A Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of Anahuac, Texas A&M University Press, 1982.
  • Hobart Huson, Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution, Von Boeckmann-Jones Co., 1974.
  • Martha Manchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, University of Texas Press, 2001.
  • Ohland Morton, Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran, in Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 47, n. 1, Texas State Historical Association, July 1943. URL consultato il 29 gennaio 2009.
  • Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Scholarly Resources Inc., 1997.
  • Richard Bruce Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution, State House Press, 2004.

External links

  • Proceedings of the convention, from Hans Gammel, The Laws of Texas, 1822–1897, Volume I, 1898.. digital images courtesy of Denton, TX: University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History.

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