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Michael Levitt (Pretoria , 9 maggio 1947 ) è un fisico sudafricano naturalizzato statunitense , vincitore del premio Nobel per la chimica nel 2013 , assieme a Martin Karplus e Arieh Warshel , per gli studi sullo sviluppo di modelli multiscala in grado di descrivere reazioni chimiche complesse[1] [2] [3]
Levitt è stato uno dei primi ricercatori a condurre simulazioni di dinamica molecolare di DNA e proteine e a sviluppare il primo software per questo scopo.[4] [5] [6] [7]
^ (EN The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 URL consultato il 9 ottobre 2013 . ^ Redazione Online, Il Nobel per la Chimica a Karplus, Levitt e Warshel URL consultato il 9 ottobre 2013 . ^ Premio Nobel per la chimica a Karplus, Levitt e Warshel URL consultato il 9 ottobre 2013 .^ (EN Cyrus Chothia; Arthur M. Lesk, Anna Tramontano, Michael Levitt, Sandra J. Smith-Gill, Gillian Air (1989). Conformations of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions . Nature 342 (6252): 877–883. DOI :10.1038/342877a0 . ^ (EN Michael Levitt; Cyrus Chothia (1976). Structural patterns in globular proteins . Nature 261 (5561): 552–558. DOI :10.1038/261552a0 . ^ (EN A. Warshel; M. Levitt (1976). Theoretical studies of enzymic reactions: Dielectric, electrostatic and steric stabilization of the carbonium ion in the reaction of lysozyme . Journal of Molecular Biology 103 (2): 227–249. DOI :10.1016/0022-2836(76)90311-9 . ^ (EN Levitt, Michael (1976). A simplified representation of protein conformations for rapid simulation of protein folding . Journal of Molecular Biology 104 (1): 59–107. DOI :10.1016/0022-2836(76)90004-8 .
Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la chimica
Vincitori per paese • in ordine alfabetico • in ordine cronologico
1901 - 1925
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford (1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard , Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950
Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden , Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch , Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie , Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth , Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt , Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner , John Northrop , Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) • Otto Diels , Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975
Edwin McMillan , Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin , Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood , Nikolaj Semënov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz , John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler , Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen , Ronald Norrish , George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton , Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen , Stanford Moore , William Stein (1972) • E. O. Fischer , Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth , Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000
William Lipscomb (1976) • Il'ja Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown , Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert , Frederick Sanger (1980) • Kenichi Fukui , Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert Hauptman , Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach , Yuan T. Lee , John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram , Jean-Marie Lehn , Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer , Robert Huber , Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman , Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis , Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen , Mario Molina , Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl , Harold Kroto , Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer , John Ernest Walker , Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn , John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan Jay Heeger , Alan MacDiarmid , Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - oggi
William Knowles , Ryoji Noyori , Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn , Kōichi Tanaka , Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre , Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover , Avram Hershko , Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs , Richard Schrock , Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura , Martin Chalfie , Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , Thomas Steitz , Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi , Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka , Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus , Michael Levitt , Arieh Warshel (2013)
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