File:Migraciones humanas en haplogrupos de ADN-Y.PNG
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Dettagli
| Descrizione |
English: World map of early migrations of modern humans based on the Y-chromosome DNA.
Español: Mapa de las migraciones prehistóricas de los humanos modernos basado en la genética del cromosoma Y.
Português: Mapa das migrações pré-históricas dos humanos modernos, baseado no DNA do cromossoma Y. |
| Data | |
| Fonte | Opera propria |
| Autore | Maulucioni |
| Licenza (Riusare questo file) |
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Dettagli
Underlying blank map: File:World map with the Americas on the right.png
English
Africa: The phylogenetic tree is rooted in the so-called chromosomal Adam, which has African origin and first diverged at A00 more than 250,000 years ago.[1] A00, A0 and A1a (M31) show an ancient dispersion in west-central Africa; the Khoisan peoples had a prolonged isolation for tens of thousands of years in southern Africa and their ancient gene pool is mainly made up of A-M6 and AM-51.[2] On the other hand, A-M13 is especially distributed in East Africa and Horn of Africa, and is found mainly in Nilotic peoples.[3]
B was especially dispersed in east-central Africa.[4] E is quite widespread in Africa, it originated about 65,000 years ago and its main subgroups E1a1a (V38) and E1a1b (M215) diverged about 40,000 years ago.[5]
Out of Africa: Expansion out of Africa is represented by D and C/F about 60,000 years ago.[6] F could have originated in the Indian subcontinent,[7] since its oldest subclades (F1, F2, F3 and F4) have been found in India, Sri Lanka and the Far East.[8] Southern Asian Pleistocene coastal settlers from Africa would have provided the inocula for the subsequent differentiation of the distinctive eastern and western Eurasian gene pools; from the Indian subcontinent this differentiation would have started.[9]
Sahul: The gene pool that early colonized Sundaland (the Malay archipelago) and the Sahul continent (Oceania) is made up of MS (K*/M/S) and C (B477), about 50,000 years ago.[10]
Eurasian expansion: The eastern Eurasian gene pool is mainly composed of NO, C (M217) and D (M174) with greater diversity found in the south, whereby the northern lineages form a subset of the populations that migrated from south to north.[11]
In western Eurasia, G, H, IJ, LT and Q/R are mainly dispersed, all of which are descended from GHIJK, a haplotype originating from South or Southeast Asia.[12][13] Most of the European gene pool comes from Palaeolithic and Neolithic migrations from western Asia.[14]
Americas: The early colonization of the Americas corresponds to Paleoindian branches derived from Q-L54 about 15,000 years ago. The Native American gene pool is a subset of that of the Siberians.[15]
Graphic of gene pools: This map shows in green the area of predominance of the ancient African Y chromosome haplogroups: A, B and E. In pink the south-western Eurasian haplogroups: G, H, IJ, LT and Q/R. In color orange ocher the northeast Eurasian haplogroups: C, D and NO. In gray the Australian haplogroups: C and S. In purple the Pacific Island haplogroups: C, M and S. And in light yellow the American haplogroups: C and Q.
Español
Mapa basado en la información obtenida sobre los principales haplogrupos ADN-Y en los artículos sobre Haplogrupos del cromosoma Y humano, en Human Y-DNA haplogroups y fuentes especializadas.
África: El árbol filogenético tiene su raíz en el llamado Adán cromosómico, el cual tiene origen africano y diverge primero en A00 hace más de 250 mil años aproximadamente. Los haplogrupos A00, A0 y A1a (M31) presentan una antigua dispersión en el África centro-occidental; los pueblos joisán tuvieron un aislamiento prolongado por decenas de miles de años en el sur de África y su acervo genético antiguo lo constituyen principalmente A-M6 y AM-51. Por otro lado, A-M13 se distribuye especialmente en África oriental y cuerno de África, y se encuentra principalmente en pueblos nilóticos.
B está disperso especialmente en el África centro-oriental. E está bastante extendido en África, se originó hace unos 65 mil años y sus principales suclados E1a1a (V38) y E1a1b (M215 ) divergieron hace unos 40 mil años.
Fuera de África: La expansión fuera de África está representada por D y C/F hace unos 60 mil años. F podría haberse originado en el subcontinente indio, dado que sus subclados más antiguos (F1, F2, F3 y F4) se han encontrado en India, Sri Lanka y Extremo oriente. Los colonos costeros del Pleistoceno del sur de Asia que provienen de África, habrían proporcionado los linajes primigenios para la posterior diferenciación de los distintivos acervos genéticos de Eurasia oriental por un lado y de Eurasia occidental por el otro; del subcontinente indio habría partido esta diferenciación.
Sahul: El acervo genético que colonizó tempranamente Sondalandia (el archipiélago malayo) y el continente Sahul (Oceanía) está formado por MS (K*/M/S) y C, hace unos 50 mil años.
Expansión euroasiática: El acervo genético de Eurasia oriental se compone principalmente de NO, C (M217) y D (M174) encontrándose una mayor diversidad en el sur, por los que los linajes del norte forman un subconjunto de las poblaciones que migraron de sur a norte.
En Eurasia occidental se dispersan principalmente G, H, IJ, LT y Q/R, todos los cuales descienden de GHIJK, un haplotipo proveniente del sur o sudeste de Asia. La mayor parte del acervo genético europeo es producto de migraciones del paleolítico y del neolítico provenientes de Asia occidental.
América: La colonización temprana de América corresponde a ramas paleoamericanas derivadas de Q-L54 hace unos 15 mil años. El acervo genético americano es un subconjunto del siberiano.
Gráfica de los acervos genéticos: Este mapa muestra en color verde la zona de predominio de los haplogrupos de ADN-Y africanos: A, B y E. En rosado los haplogrupos eurasiáticos sur-occidentales: G, H, IJ, LT, Q y R. En color ocre anaranjado los haplogrupos eurasiáticos nor-orientales: C, D y NO. En gris los haplogrupos australianos: C y S. En violeta los haplogrupos de las Islas del Pacífico: C, M y S. Y en amarillo claro los haplogrupos americanos: Q y C.
References
- ↑ Lipson, M., Ribot, I., Mallick, S. et al. Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history. Nature 577, 665–670 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1
- ↑ Wood, E., Stover, D., Ehret, C. et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
- ↑ Hisham Y. Hassan, Peter A. Underhill, Luca L. Cavalli‐Sforza, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, 2008, Y‐chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history. American Journal of Physical AnthropologyVolume 137, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20876
- ↑ Sarah A. Tishkoff, Mary Katherine Gonder, Brenna M. Henn, Holly Mortensen, Alec Knight, Christopher Gignoux, Neil Fernandopulle, Godfrey Lema, Thomas B. Nyambo, Uma Ramakrishnan, Floyd A. Reed, Joanna L. Mountain, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 24, Issue 10, October 2007, Pages 2180–2195, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm155
- ↑ E tree. Haplogroup YTree v8.09.00, 2012-2020 YFull
- ↑ Marc Haber, Abigail L. Jones, Bruce A. Connell et al. 2019, A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa GENETICS August 1, 2019 vol. 212 no. 4 1421-1428; https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302368
- ↑ E. Marres 2020, Human haplogroups. FullGenomes, Amsterdam
- ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup F and its Subclades - 2019-2020, International Society of Genetic Genealogy.
- ↑ T.Kivisild, S. Rootsi, M. Metspalu, S. Mastana, K. Kaldma et al. (2003) The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. AJHG Volume 72, Issue 2, February 2003, Pages 313-332
- ↑ Anders Bergström, Nano Nagle, Yuan Chen, Shane McCarthy, Martin O. Pollard, Qasim Ayub, Stephen Wilcox, Leah Wilcox, Roland A.H. van Oorschot, Peter McAllister, Lesley Williams, Yali Xue, R. John Mitchell, Chris Tyler-Smith (2016) Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes Curr Biol. 2016 Mar 21; 26(6): 809–813. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 PMCID: PMC4819516
- ↑ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu et al. (2006) Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. GENETICS April 1, 2006 vol. 172 no. 4 2431-2439; https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.054270
- ↑ Pille Hallast, Anastasia Agdzhoyan, Oleg Balanovsky, Yali Xue, Chris Tyler-Smith, 2019, Early replacement of West Eurasian male Y chromosomes from the east. bioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/867317
- ↑ (3 June 2013). "Inferring human history in East Asia from Y chromosomes". Investigative Genetics 4: 11. DOI:10.1186/2041-2223-4-11. ISSN 2041-2223.
- ↑ Fu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M., Petr, M., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Furtwängler, A., Haak, W., Meyer, M., Mittnik, A., Nickel, B., Peltzer, A., Rohland, N., Slon, V., Talamo, S., Lazaridis, I., Lipson, M., Mathieson, I., Schiffels, S., Skoglund, P., … Reich, D. (2016). The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature, 534(7606), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17993
- ↑ Q Y tree 2012-2020 YFull
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Cronologia del file
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| Data/Ora | Miniatura | Dimensioni | Utente | Commento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| attuale | 12:28, 15 nov 2023 | | 1 433 × 736 (180 KB) | Fylindfotberserk | Reverted to version as of 13:16, 23 May 2023 (UTC) WP:OR by sock of WorldCreaterFighter. Restoring content on GHIJK, R1a and R2. Xue et al mentions nothing about south Asian ancestry or H and L, T being east Eurasian. On the contrary Wang et all considered H, L/T to be west Eurasian |
| 23:41, 25 ott 2023 |  | 1 432 × 736 (169 KB) | ABCymta | updating migration paths and colour adjustment | |
| 15:16, 23 mag 2023 |  | 1 433 × 736 (180 KB) | Fylindfotberserk | Restoring correct version for the specific part. Only Northeast Indians states have majority east Asian lineages. Color corrected | |
| 00:21, 6 mag 2023 |  | 1 433 × 736 (166 KB) | CeylonSpring | Please note that H in India is 32.9% and 10%-25.3% in Sri Lanka, We do not yet have sufficiant genomic edividce to associate H with (ASI). | |
| 18:17, 29 apr 2023 |  | 1 433 × 736 (165 KB) | ABCymta | Reverted to version as of 18:18, 8 March 2023 (UTC) | |
| 01:48, 17 mar 2023 |  | 1 433 × 736 (166 KB) | ABCymta | Reverted to version as of 20:26, 10 January 2023 (UTC) (will be better edited afterwards) | |
| 20:18, 8 mar 2023 |  | 1 433 × 736 (165 KB) | ABCymta | adjusting color for Southern Asia (ASI) | |
| 22:26, 10 gen 2023 |  | 1 433 × 736 (166 KB) | ABCymta | adjusting coloring for Americas (and Paleosiberian) | |
| 19:52, 11 nov 2022 |  | 1 433 × 736 (165 KB) | ABCymta | consistent colours for different clades, same colour for M and S (MS),etc. | |
| 00:16, 27 ott 2020 |  | 1 433 × 736 (165 KB) | Maulucioni | Updating: Q in Americas and various dates according YFull YTree 2020. Checking clades A, D, I2 and R1b according to ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2020. |
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