Discussione:Mojibake

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Il termine mojibake, viene usato soprattutto nel caso di testo proveniente dal giapponese.

Piccola tabella tratta dall' articolo:

Inglese -> (piccoli errori)

Giapponese -> Mojibake

Cinese -> Luanma

Coreano -> Oigye-eo (=linguaggio alieno)

Russo -> Kryakozyabry (o crackozyabres) (significato controverso, vedi più avanti)

Bulgaro -> Maymunitsa (=alfabeto delle scimmie)

Serbo -> Dubre (=spazzatura)

Tedesco -> Zeichensalat (=insalata di caratteri) e Krähenfüße (=Zampe di corvo)

Polacco -> ? (non l' ho trovato nell' articolo, ma risolvibile manualmente)

Finlandese -> (problemi con poche vocali "extra-latine-di base")

Norvegese -> (problemi con poche vocali "extra-latine-di base", ma che non vengono generalmente ripetute)

Svedese -> (problemi con poche vocali "extra-latine-di base", ma che non vengono generalmente ripetute)

Danese -> (problemi con poche vocali "extra-latine-di base", ma che non vengono generalmente ripetute)

Ceco -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Slovacco -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Ungherese -> betuszemét (=lettering spazzatura), (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, +á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü)

[nota sulle e-m@il in Ungherese: It is common to respond to an e-mail rendered unreadable by character mangling (referred to as "betuszemét", meaning "garbage lettering") with the phrase "Árvízturo tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.]

Sloveno -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Bosniaco -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Croato -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Serbo -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Rumeno -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Albanese -> (mancanza delle š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð, ma il testo resta comunque leggibile, secondo l' articolo)

Esperanto -> problemi risolti con particolari artifici (ci sono diversi standard) che modificano la scrittura (si veda la pagina su wiki e su wikilibri)


Il sito http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Mojibake , indica anche altri termini (diversi modi di chiamare il mojibake), in base alle diverse lingue. (ho messo il bold, ma ha fatto delle box)

Problems in specific languages Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such as emdashes (—), endashes (–), and curly quotes (“, ”), but rarely in character text since most encodings agree with ASCIIASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a coding standard that can be used for interchanging information, if the information is expressed mainly by the written form of English words....

on the encoding of the English alphabetEnglish alphabet

The modern English alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet consisting of 26 letters, like in the Basic modern Latin alphabet:The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface.... . For example, the pound sign "£" will appear as "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8UTF-8 UTF-8 is a Variable-width encoding character encoding for Unicode. It is able to represent any character in the Unicode standard, yet the initial encoding of byte codes and character assignments for UTF-8 is backward compatibility with ASCII....

but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated, this can lead to "£", "ƚ£", etc.

In JapaneseJapanese language IPA: [n?iho?go] is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is related to the Ryukyuan languages.... , the phenomenon is as mentioned called mojibake . It is often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

In ChineseChinese language Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages.... , this phenomenon is called luanma .

In KoreanKorean language Korean is the official language of North Korea and South Korea. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China.... , this phenomenon is called Oigye-eo , meaning 'alien language'.

Users of CentralCentral Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern Europe and Western Europe Europe. In addition, Northern Europe, Southern Europe and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe....

and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i... an languages can also be affected. Because most computers were not connected to any network, during the mid- to late 1980s there were different character encodings for every language with diacritical characters.

In RussianRussian language Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....

slang, mojibake is humorously called kryakozyabry ("crackozyabres"). It remains controversial whether the word is related to English "crackCrack

Crack may refer to:* Crack cocaine, a freebased form of cocaine* Crack, a fracture or discontinuation in a body* Crack , the value difference between crude oil and oil products or between different oil products, usually expressed as a per-barrel value... " (as used in computer slang) or is constructed artificially, slightly remembering Russian krya (which means "quack"). During the 1990s, several different encodings for the Cyrillic alphabetCyrillic alphabet The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....

(Unix KOI8-RKOI8-R

KOI8-R is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover Russian language, which uses the Cyrillic alphabet. It also happens to cover Bulgarian language.... , Windows CP-1251, DOS 866Code page 866 CP866 is a Cyrillic alphabet code page to be used with MS-DOS. It is based on the "alternative character set" of GOST 19768-87. The code was widely used during MS-DOS era because it preserves the pseudographic symbols and maintains alphabetical order of Cyrillic letters .... , standard ISO 8859-5, and several others) competed. Poorly configured servers and lack of compatibility made garbled text a common and frustrating experience. Many e-mail servers stripped the 8th bit from the characters as permitted by earlier standards (which renders UTF-8UTF-8 UTF-8 is a Variable-width encoding character encoding for Unicode. It is able to represent any character in the Unicode standard, yet the initial encoding of byte codes and character assignments for UTF-8 is backward compatibility with ASCII....

unreadable, as well as all of the above). For this reason many Cyrillic users resorted to Volapuk encodingVolapuk encoding

Volapuk encoding is a slang term for rendering the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet with Latin alphabet ones. Unlike Translit , in volapuk characters can be replaced to look or sound the same.... . An even more frustrating problem emerged in the early 2000s, when the popular e-mail client Microsoft OutlookMicrosoft Outlook Microsoft Office Outlook or Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft. The 2007 version is available both as a separate application as well as a part of the Microsoft Office suite....

started to replace correctly entered Cyrillic characters with question marks when replying to or forwarding messages created in competing encodings.

In BulgarianBulgarian language Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin... , mojibake is often called maymunitsa (?????????), meaning monkey's alphabet. In SerbianSerbian language name=Serbian|nativename=|pronunciation=['sr?pski?]|familycolor=Indo-European|map=|states=See below under "Official status", besides that in Croatia and as an immigrant's language spread over Central Europe and Western Europe, as well as Northern America... , it is called (dubre), meaning trashTrash Trash may refer to:In garbage:* Trash , unwanted or undesired waste material* Trash can, a containerIn computing:* Trash , a way in which operating systems dispose of unwanted files.... . In GermanGerman languageGerman is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union.... , Zeichensalat (character salad) and Krähenfüße (crow's feet) are common terms for this phenomenon.

In PolandPoland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....

every company selling early DOSDOS

DOS, short for "Disk Operating System", is a shorthand term for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me....

computers created its own encoding, and simply reprogrammed the EPROMEPROM

An EPROM, or Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, is a type of memory integrated circuit that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.... s of the video cards (typically CGAColor Graphics Adapter The Color Graphics Adapter , originally also called the Color/Graphics Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, introduced in 1981, was International Business Machines's first color graphics card, and the first color computer display standard for the IBM PC.... , EGAEnhanced Graphics Adapter The Enhanced Graphics Adapter is the IBM PC computer display standard specification located between Color Graphics Adapter and Video Graphics Array in terms of color and space resolution....

or HerculesHercules Graphics Card

The Hercules Graphics Card was a computer graphics controller which, through its popularity, became a widely supported computer display standard.... ) with the according character shapes. Additionally, users of then-popular home computers (such as the Atari STAtari ST The Atari ST is a home computer/personal computer that was commercially available from 1985 to the early 1990s. It was released by Atari Corporation in 1985.... ) invented their own encodings, incompatible with international standards (ISO 8859-2), vendor standards (IBM CP852, Windows CP1250Windows-1250 Windows-1250 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to represent texts in Central European and Eastern European languages that use Latin alphabet, such as Polish language, Czech language, Slovak language, Hungarian language, Slovene language, Bosnian language, Croatian language, Serbian language , Romanian language and Albanian language.... ) and locally agreed-upon PC/MS DOS standards (MazoviaMazovia encoding Mazovia encoding is used under MS-DOS to represent Polish language texts. Basically it is code page 437 with some positions filled with Polish letters.... ). The situation began to improve when, after pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as krzaki ("bushes").

CommodoreCommodore International Commodore, the commonly used name for Commodore International, was a United States electronics company based in West Chester, Pennsylvania which was a vital player in the home computer/personal computer field in the 1980s....

brand 8-bit8-bit

Eight-bit CPUs normally use an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus which means that their address space is limited to 64 KBs. This is not a "natural law", however, so there are exceptions....

computers used PETSCIIPETSCII

PETSCII , also known as CBM ASCII, is the variation of the ASCII character set used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computers, starting with the Commodore PET from 1977 and including the Commodore VIC-20, Commodore 64, Commodore CBM-II, Commodore Plus/4, Commodore 16, Commodore 116 and Commodore 128....

encoding, primarily notable for inverting upper and lower case compared to standard ASCIIASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a coding standard that can be used for interchanging information, if the information is expressed mainly by the written form of English words.... . PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all letters.

Among languages of Scandinavia, mojibake is not uncommon, but isn't much of a problem and is more of an annoyance. FinnishFinnish language Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by Finnish people outside of Finland. It is one of the official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden....

and SwedishSwedish language

Swedish is a North Germanic languages language, spoken by around 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the ?land islands....

use the letters of the English alphabetEnglish alphabet

The modern English alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet consisting of 26 letters, like in the Basic modern Latin alphabet:The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface....

and three more characters: å, ä and ö, and typically these three are the only ones that become corrupted. The situation is similar for Norwegian and Danish, except the three relevant letters are æ, ø and å. In Swedish, Norwegian and Danish, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, such as the second letter in "kärlek" (kärlek, "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain perfectly readable. However, FinnishFinnish language

Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by Finnish people outside of Finland. It is one of the official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden....

does have repeating vowels in words like "Hääyö" (hääyö), which can sometimes render text very hard to read.

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the east Asian encodings. With this kind of mojibake more than one (typically two) characters is corrupted at once, e.g. "k?lek" (kärlek) in Swedish, where "är" is parsed as "?". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read for humans since now also letters unrelated to the problematic åäö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with åäö such as "än" (becomes e.g. "?"). Also, since two letters are combined, the mojibake seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal 3, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string, such as "Bush hid the factsBush hid the facts Bush hid the facts is the common name for a Software bug present in the charset detection of all versions of Microsoft Notepad in Windows 2000 and Windows XP, which causes a file of text encoded in Windows-1252 or similar encoding to be interpreted as if it was UTF-16, resulting in mojibake.... ", may be misinterpreted.

In most of Former Yugoslavia, an addition to the basic Latin alphabet are the letters š, d, c, c, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Ð, C, C, Ž. All of these letters are defined in Latin2ISO/IEC 8859-2 ISO 8859-2, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-2 or less formally as Latin-2, is part 2 of ISO 8859, a standard character encoding defined by International Organization for Standardization ....

and Windows-1250Windows-1250

Windows-1250 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to represent texts in Central European and Eastern European languages that use Latin alphabet, such as Polish language, Czech language, Slovak language, Hungarian language, Slovene language, Bosnian language, Croatian language, Serbian language , Romanian language and Albanian language.... , while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Ð) exist in the usual OS-default WesternWindows-1252 Windows-1252 is a character encoding of the Latin alphabet, used by default in the legacy components of Microsoft Windows in English and some other Western languages.... . Although even those that exist in extended Western ASCII (Windows-1252) are not immune to errors, the ones that don't are much more prone to errors. Thus "šdccž ŠÐCCŽ" all too often (even nowadays) gets interpreted as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", making users wonder where ð, è, æ, È, Æ are used. When confined to basic ASCII (most usernames, for example), common replacements are: š?s, d?dj, c?c, c?c, ž?z (capital forms analogously, with Ð?Dj or Ð?DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing original from such a form is usually done manually if required.

HungarianHungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic languages unrelated to most other languages in Europe. It is mainly spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in the seven neighbouring countries....

is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (which are all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the 2 characters oO

O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled o , plural oes ....

and uU

U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled u .... , which are not in Latin-1. These 2 characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in e-mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters o and u corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It is common to respond to an e-mail rendered unreadable by character mangling (referred to as "betuszemét", meaning "garbage lettering") with the phrase "Árvízturo tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian. EsperantoEsperanto is the most widely spoken constructed language international auxiliary language in the world. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym under which L....

was once commonly encoded in Latin-3 to display the accented characters: c, g, h, j, s, and u. In some browsers these characters would be incorrectly displayed as Latin-1 characters with the same encoding: æ, ø, ¶, ¼, þ, and ý.


Nickh ²+, --93.37.140.173 (msg) 14:39, 15 nov 2009 (CET)[rispondi]