Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza

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Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (Genova, 25 gennaio 1922) è un genetista e scienziato italiano che si è occupato anche di antropologia e di storia. Universalmente riconosciuto come uno degli studiosi più autorevoli nel campo della genetica di popolazione e delle migrazioni dell'uomo, Cavalli-Sforza è professore emerito all'Università di Stanford in California, nonché socio nazionale dell'Accademia dei Lincei per la classe delle Scienze Fisiche. Per i suoi meriti scientifici è decorato con il più alto grado delle onorificenze repubblicane italiane, Cavaliere di gran croce.

Indice

[modifica] Biografia

Inizia gli studi universitari a Torino sotto la guida di Giuseppe Levi, ma nel 1939, al secondo anno, si trasferisce a Pavia, laureandosi in medicina nel 1944. L'impulso a diventare genetista gli venne da Adriano Buzzati Traverso, con cui mantenne sempre i contatti.

Inizialmente lavora all'Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese, poi a Cambridge, in Inghilterra, dove si dedica allo studio della genetica batterica. Rientrato in Italia, insegna alle università di Milano, Parma e Pavia. Dal 1952 comincia a raccogliere dati demografici e si occupa di analisi statistiche delle società umane, utilizzando le dispense ecclesiastiche per i matrimoni fra consanguinei.

Nel 1971 abbandona definitivamente l'Italia per trasferirsi all'Università di Stanford, negli Stati Uniti d'America. Qui, collaborando con l'archeologo Albert Ammerman alle ricerche sulla diffusione culturale nel neolitico, fa ricorso a dati derivati dai marcatori genetici per far fronte ai pochi dati archeologici disponibili.

A partire dagli anni '80, utilizzando i dati provenienti dalla linguistica congiuntamente a quelli della genetica, formula l'ipotesi che i linguaggi si evolvano sotto le stesse spinte che fanno evolvere le popolazioni. Recentemente le sue ricerche hanno fornito lo spunto per le teorie di Jared Diamond.

Le ricerche di quest'ultimo periodo hanno fornito buona parte del materiale per il libro divulgativo Chi siamo, scritto insieme al figlio Francesco.

[modifica] Studi scientifici

Cavalli-Sforza è stato uno dei primi genetisti a chiedersi se i geni dell'uomo moderno contengano ancora una traccia della storia dell'umanità. Inizia un nuovo campo di ricerca combinando la demografia con le analisi dei gruppi sanguigni nella popolazione. I suoi studi hanno permesso di ritrovare nell'attuale patrimonio genetico dell'uomo i segni lasciati dai grandi movimenti migratori del passato e delle società multietniche.

[modifica] Pubblicazioni essenziali

  • A.W.F. Edwards and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. 1964. Reconstruction of evolutionary trees. pp. 67-76 in Phenetic and Phylogenetic Classification, ed. V. H. Heywood and J. McNeill. Systematics Association pub. no. 6, London.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and A.W.F. Edwards. 1965. Analysis of human evolution. pp. 923-933 in Genetics Today. Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Genetics, The Hague, The Netherlands, September, 1963, volume 3, ed. S. J. Geerts, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and A.W.F. Edwards. 1967. Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. American Journal of Human Genetics 19:233-257.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and W. F. Bodmer. The Genetics of Human Populations, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1971 (reprinted 1999 by Dover Publications).
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and M. Feldman. Cultural Transmission and Evolution. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981. .
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, A.J. Ammerman. La transizione neolitica e la genetica di popolazione in Europa. Boringhieri, 1986.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza. Storia e geografia dei geni umani. Milano, Adelphi, 1997. ISBN 8845913368
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Geni, Popoli e Lingue. Adelphi, 1996.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. L'evoluzione della cultura.Milano, Codice edizioni, 2004.
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza. Il caso e la necessità - Ragioni e limiti della diversità genetica. Roma, Di Renzo Editore, 2007. ISBN 8883231651

[modifica] Pubblicazioni, elenco completo

  1. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of central asian pastoralists." Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 2: 202-21
  2. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "The Human Genome Diversity Project: past, present and future." Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6: 4: 333-40
  3. Vlad MO, Szedlacsek SE, Pourmand N, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner P, Ross J "Fisher's theorems for multivariable, time- and space-dependent systems, with applications in population genetics and chemical kinetics." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;
  4. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "Studying diversity." EMBO Rep 2005; 6: 8: 713
  5. Kivisild T, Shen P, Wall DP, Do B, Sung R, Davis KK, Passarino G, Underhill PA, Scharfe C, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Modiano D, Coppa A, de Knjiff P, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ "The role of selection in the evolution of human mitochondrial genomes." Genetics 2005;
  6. Ramachandran S, Deshpande O, Roseman CC, Rosenberg NA, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;
  7. Vlad MO, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ross J "Enhanced (hydrodynamic) transport induced by population growth in reaction-diffusion systems with application to population genetics." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 28: 10249-53
  8. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 4: 975-9
  9. Cinnio�lu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfo�lu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia." Hum Genet 2004; 114: 2: 127-48
  10. McIntire JJ, Umetsu SE, Macaubas C, Hoyte EG, Cinnioglu C, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Barsh GS, Hallmayer JF, Underhill PA, Risch NJ, Freeman GJ, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT "Immunology: hepatitis A virus link to atopic disease." Nature 2003; 425: 6958: 576
  11. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW "The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution." Nat Genet 2003; 33 Suppl: 266-75
  12. Vlad MO, Moran F, Tsuchiya M, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ, Ross J "Neutrality condition and response law for nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations, with application to population genetics." Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 65: 6 Pt 1: 061110
  13. Passarino G, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Semino O, Pes GM, Carru C, Ferrucci L, Bonafè M, Franceschi C, Deiana L, Baggio G, De Benedictis G "Y chromosome binary markers to study the high prevalence of males in Sardinian centenarians and the genetic structure of the Sardinian population." Hum Hered 2001; 52: 3: 136-9
  14. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations." Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: Pt 1: 43-62
  15. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Marzuki S, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Chambers GK "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific." Hum Mutat 2001; 17: 4: 271-80
  16. Passarino G, Shen P, Van Kirk JB, Lin AA, De Benedictis G, Cavalli Sforza LL, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA "The Werner syndrome gene and global sequence variation." Genomics 2001; 71: 1: 118-22
  17. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations." Nat Genet 2000; 26: 3: 358-61
  18. Shen P, Wang F, Underhill PA, Franco C, Yang WH, Roxas A, Sung R, Lin AA, Hyman RW, Vollrath D, Davis RW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ "Population genetic implications from sequence variation in four Y chromosome genes." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 13: 7354-9
  19. Jin L, Underhill PA, Doctor V, Davis RW, Shen P, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ "Distribution of haplotypes from a chromosome 21 region distinguishes multiple prehistoric human migrations." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 7: 3796-800
  20. Risch N, Spiker D, Lotspeich L, Nouri N, Hinds D, Hallmayer J, Kalaydjieva L, McCague P, Dimiceli S, Pitts T, Nguyen L, Yang J, Harper C, Thorpe D, Vermeer S, Young H, Hebert J, Lin A, Ferguson J, Chiotti C, Wiese-Slater S, Rogers T, Salmon B, Nicholas P, Petersen PB, Pingree C, McMahon W, Wong DL, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Kraemer HC, Myers RM "A genomic screen of autism: evidence for a multilocus etiology." Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 2: 493-507
  21. L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, W. Bodmer "The Genetics of Human Populations. San Francisco: WH Freeman" Mineola, NY: Dover Publications 1999;
  22. Cavalli-Sforza L, "[Man and the diversity of his genome. An extraordinary phase in the history of population genetics]" Pathol Biol (Paris) 1998; 46: 2: 98-102
  23. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "The Chinese human genome diversity project." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 20: 11501-3
  24. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "The DNA revolution in population genetics." Trends Genet 1998; 14: 2: 60-5
  25. Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA, Mehdi SQ, Jenkins T, Vollrath D, Davis RW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ "Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography." Genome Res 1997; 7: 10: 996-1005
  26. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "Genes, peoples, and languages." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 15: 7719-24
  27. Hallmayer J, Hebert JM, Spiker D, Lotspeich L, McMahon WM, Petersen PB, Nicholas P, Pingree C, Lin AA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Risch N, Ciaranello RD "Autism and the X chromosome. Multipoint sib-pair analysis." Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 11: 985-9
  28. Underhill PA, Jin L, Zemans R, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL "A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition and its implications for human evolutionary history." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 1: 196-200
  29. Ruiz Linares A, Nayar K, Goldstein DB, Hebert JM, Seielstad MT, Underhill PA, Lin AA, Feldman MW, Cavalli Sforza LL "Geographic clustering of human Y-chromosome haplotypes." Ann Hum Genet 1996; 60 ( Pt 5): 401-8
  30. Goldstein DB, Ruiz Linares A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW "Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and the origin of modern humans." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 15: 6723-7
  31. Mountain JL, Hebert JM, Bhattacharyya S, Underhill PA, Ottolenghi C, Gadgil M, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Demographic history of India and mtDNA-sequence diversity." Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 4: 979-92
  32. Goldstein DB, Ruiz Linares A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW "An evaluation of genetic distances for use with microsatellite loci." Genetics 1995; 139: 1: 463-71
  33. Lin AA, Hebert JM, Mountain JL, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Comparison of 79 DNA polymorphisms tested in Australians, Japanese and Papua New Guineans with those of five other human populations." Gene Geogr 1994; 8: 3: 191-214
  34. L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, P. Menozzi, and A. Piazza "The History and Geography of Human Genes" Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1994;
  35. Mountain JL, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Inference of human evolution through cladistic analysis of nuclear DNA restriction polymorphisms." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 14: 6515-9
  36. Kurth JH, Mountain JL, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Subclustering of human immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region genes." Genomics 1993; 16: 1: 69-77
  37. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Piazza A "Human genomic diversity in Europe: a summary of recent research and prospects for the future." Eur J Hum Genet 1993; 1: 1: 3-18
  38. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A "Demic expansions and human evolution." Science 1993; 259: 5095: 639-46
  39. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "Forty years ago in "Genetics": the unorthodox mating behavior of bacteria." Genetics 1992; 132: 3: 635-7
  40. Mountain JL, Lin AA, Bowcock AM, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Evolution of modern humans: evidence from nuclear DNA polymorphisms." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1992; 337: 1280: 159-65
  41. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Minch E, Mountain JL "Coevolution of genes and languages revisited." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89: 12: 5620-4
  42. Hallmayer J, Kennedy JL, Wetterberg L, Sjögren B, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Exclusion of linkage between the serotonin2 receptor and schizophrenia in a large Swedish kindred." Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 3: 216-9
  43. Bowcock AM, Hebert JM, Mountain JL, Kidd JR, Rogers J, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Study of an additional 58 DNA markers in five human populations from four continents." Gene Geogr 1991; 5: 3: 151-73
  44. Bowcock AM, Farrer LA, Hebert JM, Bale AE, Cavalli-Sforza L "A contiguous linkage map of chromosome 13q with 39 distinct loci separated on average by 5.1 centimorgans." Genomics 1991; 11: 3: 517-29
  45. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Wilson AC, Cantor CR, Cook-Deegan RM, King MC "Call for a worldwide survey of human genetic diversity: a vanishing opportunity for the Human Genome Project." Genomics 1991; 11: 2: 490-1
  46. Kurth JH, Bowcock AM, Erlich HA, Nevo S, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Km typing with PCR: application to population screening." Am J Hum Genet 1991; 48: 3: 613-20
  47. Bowcock AM, Kidd JR, Mountain JL, Hebert JM, Carotenuto L, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: a study with DNA polymorphisms." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88: 3: 839-43
  48. Moises HW, Gelernter J, Giuffra LA, Zarcone V, Wetterberg L, Civelli O, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Grandy DK, Kennedy JL "No linkage between D2 dopamine receptor gene region and schizophrenia." Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 7: 643-7
  49. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "Genes, peoples and languages." Sci Am 1991; 265: 5: 104-10
  50. Hsieh CL, Bowcock AM, Farrer LA, Hebert JM, Huang KN, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Julius D, Francke U "The serotonin receptor subtype 2 locus HTR2 is on human chromosome 13 near genes for esterase D and retinoblastoma-1 and on mouse chromosome 14." Somat Cell Mol Genet 1990; 16: 6: 567-74
  51. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW "Spatial subdivision of populations and estimates of genetic variation." Theor Popul Biol 1990; 37: 1: 3-25
  52. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "Cultural transmission and nutrition." World Rev Nutr Diet 1990; 63: 35-48
  53. Cavalli-Sforza LL, "Opinion: how can one study individual variation for 3 billion nucleotides of the human genome?" Am J Hum Genet 1990; 46: 4: 649-51
  54. Oksenberg JR, Sherritt M, Begovich AB, Erlich HA, Bernard CC, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L "T-cell receptor V alpha and C alpha alleles associated with multiple and myasthenia gravis." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 3: 988-92
  55. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Piazza A, Menozzi P, Mountain J "Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 16: 6002-6
  56. Bowcock AM, Hebert JM, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Polymorphisms revealed by random probe H2-10 [D13S26] which maps to chromosome 13q21-q22." Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 6: 2745
  57. Bowcock AM, Kidd JR, Lathrop GM, Daneshvar L, May LT, Ray A, Sehgal PB, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL "The human "interferon-beta 2/hepatocyte stimulating factor/interleukin-6" gene: DNA polymorphism studies and localization to chromosome 7p21." Genomics 1988; 3: 1: 8-16
  58. Oksenberg JR, Gaiser CN, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L "Polymorphic markers of human T-cell receptor alpha and beta genes. Family studies and comparison of frequencies in healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis." Hum Immunol 1988; 22: 2: 111-21
  59. Bowcock AM, Hebert JM, Wijsman E, Gadi I, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Boyd CD "High recombination between two physically close human basement membrane collagen genes at the distal end of chromosome 13q." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 8: 2701-5
  60. Bowcock AM, Bucci C, Hebert JM, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Friedlaender JS, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Study of 47 DNA markers in five populations from four continents." Gene Geogr 1987; 1: 1: 47-64
  61. Bowcock AM, Hebert JM, Christiano AM, Wijsman E, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Boyd CD "The pro alpha 1 (IV) collagen gene is linked to the D13S3 locus at the distal end of human chromosome 13q." Cytogenet Cell Genet 1987; 45: 3-4: 234-6
  62. Feder J, Yen L, Wijsman E, Wang L, Wilkins L, Schroder J, Spurr N, Cann H, Blumenberg M, Cavalli-Sforza LL "A systematic approach for detecting high-frequency restriction fragment length polymorphisms using large genomic probes." Am J Hum Genet 1985; 37: 4: 635-49
  63. L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, A. Ammerman "The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe" Princeton: Princeton University Press 1984;
  64. L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. Feldman "Cultural Transmission and Evolution" Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1981;
  65. Wagener DK, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Ethnic variation in genetic disease: possible roles of hitchhiking and epistasis." Am J Hum Genet 1975; 27: 3: 348-64

[modifica] Onorificenze

Cavaliere di Gran Croce - nastrino per uniforme ordinaria

Cavaliere di Gran Croce

[modifica] Bibliografia

[modifica] Note

  1. ^ Guida degli studenti 2007-2008. Università della Calabria. URL consultato il 21-04-2008.

[modifica] Voci correlate

[modifica] Altri progetti

[modifica] Collegamenti esterni

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