Lingue tai
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
| Lingue tai | |
|---|---|
| Parlato in | Sud-est asiatico |
| Persone | 81 milioni (circa) |
| Classifica | non nelle prime 100 |
| Filogenesi | Lingue tai-kadai |
| Suddivisioni | Lingue tai settentrionali Lingue tai centrali Lingue tai meridionali |
| Codici di classificazione | |
| ISO 639-2 | tai |
| ISO 639-5 | tai |
 Distribuzione delle lingue tai-kadai. Le lingue tai sono: ██ Tai settentrionali ██ Tai centrali ██ Tai meridionali |
|
Le lingue tai (thailandese: ภาษาไต, traslitterazione: p̣hās̛̄ātay) sono un sottogruppo della famiglia linguistica tai-kadai. Le lingue tai includono le lingue tai-kadai più ampiamente diffuse, compreso il thailandese standard, lingua nazionale della Thailandia, il laotiano, lingua nazionale del Laos, la lingua shan della Birmania del nordest e lo zhuang, un'importante lingua della provincia cinese meridionale del Guangxi.
Citando il fatto che sia i popoli zhuang che quelli thai hanno lo stesso esonimo per il vietnamita, kɛɛuA1[1], Jerold Edmondson, docente dell'università del Texas, ha ipotizzato che la separazione tra lo zhuang (una lingua tai centrale) e le lingue tai sud-orientali sia avvenuta non prima della fondazione di Jiaozhi (交址) in Vietnam nel 112 a.C. ma non più tardi del V - VI secolo.[2]
Indice |
Classificazione interna [modifica]
- Lingue tai settentrionali
- Saek (Laos)
- Zhuang settentrionale (Cina)
- Bouyei (Buyi) (Cina)
- Tai mène (Laos)
- E (Cina)
- Lingue tai centrali
- Zhuang meridionale (Cina)
- Man cao lan (Vietnam)
- Nung (Vietnam)
- Tày (Tho) (Vietnam)
- Ts'ün-lao (Vietnam)
- Nhang (Vietnam)
- Lingue tai meridionali (32)
- Tai ya (Cina)
- Pu ko (Laos)
- Pa di (Cina)
- Tai thanh (Vietnam)
- Tày sa pa (Vietnam)
- Tai long (Laos)
- Tai hongjin (Cina)
- Turung (India)
- Yong (Thailandia)
- Thai meridionale (Pak thai) (Thailandia)
- Tai centro-orientali (10)
- Chiang Saen (10)
- Tai dam (Vietnam)
- Thai settentrionale (lanna, tai yuan) (Thailandia, Laos)
- Phuan (Thailandia)
- Thai song (Thailandia)
- Thai (Thailandia)
- Tai hang tong (Vietnam)
- Tai dón (Vietnam)
- Tai daeng (Vietnam)
- Tay tac (Vietnam)
- Thu lao (Vietnam)
- Lao-phutai (4)
- Tai nord-occidentali (9)
- Chiang Saen (10)
Morfologia [modifica]
Pronomi [modifica]
| Proto-tai | Alfabeto thai | ||
| 1ª | singolare | *ku | กู |
| duale | *ra | รา | |
| plurale | *rau, *tu | เรา, ตู | |
| 2ª | singolare | *mɯŋ | มึง |
| plurale | *su | สู | |
| 3ª | singolare | *man | มัน |
| plurale | *khau | เขา |
Confronto [modifica]
| Italiano | Proto-tai sud-occidentale[3] | Thailandese | Laotiano | Lanna | Isan | Shan | Tai lü | Zhuang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aria | *lom | /lom/ | /lóm/ | /lom/ | /lom/ | /lom4/ | /lom/ | /ɣum˧˩/ |
| città | *mɯaŋ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɯaŋ/ | /mɤŋ4/ | /mœŋ/ | /mɯŋ6/ |
| terra | *?din | /din/ | /din/ | /din/ | /din/ | /lǐn1/ | /din/ | /dei6/ |
| fuoco | *vai/aɯ | /fai/ | /fái/ | /fai/ | /fai/ | /pʰaj4/ o /fai4/ | /fai/ | /fei2/ |
| cuore | *čai/aɯ | /hŭa tɕai/ | /hǔa cài/ | /hua tɕai/ | /hua tɕai/ | /ho1 tsaɯ1/ | /hua tɕai/ | /sim/ |
| amore | *rak | /rák/ | /hāk/ | /hag/ | /hag/ | /hak5/ | /hag/ | /gyai2/ |
| acqua | *naam | /náːm/ | /nȃm/ | /nam/ | /nam/ | /nam5/ | /nam/ | /ɣaem4/ |
Note e riferimenti [modifica]
- ^ A1 indica un tono.
- ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam. Studi su lingue e linguistica del sudest Asia, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat e James E. Harris, ed. Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd, Bangkok, Thailandia. Doc. (PDF) a pag. 15
- ^ Thai Lexicography Resources
- Ostapirat W (2000). "Proto-Kra." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(1).
- Rapporto Ethnologue Consultato il 3 agosto 2005.
Ulteriori letture [modifica]
- Brown, J. Marvin. From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press of Thailand, 1965.
- Chamberlain, James R. A New Look at the Classification of the Tai Languages. [s.l: s.n, 1972.
- Conference on Tai Phonetics and Phonology, Jimmy G. Harris, and Richard B. Noss. Tai Phonetics and Phonology. [Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 1972.
- Diffloth, Gérard. An Appraisal of Benedict's Views on Austroasiatic and Austro-Thai Relations. Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 1976.
- Đoàn, Thiện Thuật. Tay-Nung Language in the North Vietnam. [Tokyo?]: Instttute [sic] for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1996.
- Gedney, William J. On the Thai Evidence for Austro-Thai. [S.l: s.n, 1976.
- Gedney, William J., and Robert J. Bickner. Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 29. Ann Arbor, Mich., USA: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1989. ISBN 0891480374
- Gedney, William J., Carol J. Compton, and John F. Hartmann. Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures: In Honor of William J. Gedney on His 77th Birthday. Monograph series on Southeast Asia. [De Kalb]: Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. ISBN 1877979163
- Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. (1995). William J. Gedney's central Tai dialects: glossaries, texts, and translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 43. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan ISBN 0891480757
- Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. William J. Gedney's the Yay Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 38. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1991. ISBN 0891480668
- Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. William J. Gedney's Southwestern Tai Dialects: Glossaries, Texts and Translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 42. [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1994. ISBN 0891480749
- Hudak, Thomas John. William J. Gedney's The Tai Dialect of Lungming: Glossary, Texts, and Translations. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 39. [Ann Arbor]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1991. ISBN 0891480676
- Li, Fang-kuei. The Tai Dialect of Lungchow; Texts, Translations, and Glossary. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1940.
- Østmoe, Arne. A Germanic-Tai Linguistic Puzzle. Sino-Platonic papers, no. 64. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1995.
- Sathāban Sūn Phāsā Qangkrit. Bibliography of Tai Language Studies. [Bangkok]: Indigenous Languages of Thailand Research Project, Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities, 1977.
- Shorto, H. L. Bibliographies of Mon-Khmer and Tai Linguistics. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
- Tingsabadh, Kalaya and Arthur S. Abramson. Essays in Tai Linguistics. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press, 2001. ISBN 9743472223
